Magnetically modified spent grain for dye removal

Dye adsorption on autohydrolyzed pine sawdust in batch and fixed-bed systems

“…In Table 4 we compare the MB, BB and AO adsorption capacity K F and q m of pretreated and untreated pine sawdust with other adsorbents derived from agricultural or waste materials, according to the available in the literature data [42][43][44][45][46][47][48].…”

Magnetic adsorbents for the treatment of water/wastewater—A review

“…Safarik et al [183] magnetically altered spent grain by contact with water-based magnetic fluid to form an adsorbent for the removal of water-soluble dyes. The maximum adsorption capacity attained was 72.4 mg of due (Bismarck brown Y) per g of spent grain.…”

Brewer's spent grain: Characterization and standardization procedure for the enzymatic hydrolysis by Bacillus cereus strain

“…Although BSG is the main by-product of the brewing process, it has received little attention as a marketable commodity, and its disposal is often an environmental problem [10]. Nevertheless, because of its chemical composition, it can be of value as a raw material.…”

“…Among other uses, attempts have been made to use it in human nutrition or in energy production [8], in the biotechnological process as a substrate for microorganism cultivation, as a source of valuable added products such as ferulic acid and xylose and arabinose, as a substrate for enzyme production, or as an additive or carrier in brewing [9]. Although there are a range of possibilities of this agroindustrial by-product reutilization, its real use is still limited and it has received limited attention as a marketable commodity [10]. To determine the potential use of a substrate, at first it is necessary to carry out its correct standardization; this means to know its storage stability, chemical composition and variability, initial microbial load, and its evolution among other attributes.…”