Magnetic tunnel junctions fabricated at tenth-micron dimensions by electron beam lithography

Shape-anisotropy-controlled magnetoresistive response in magnetic tunnel junctions

“…4 For instance, we recently showed that deep submicron MTJs can be made with large MRs ͑Ͼ20%͒ and reasonable resistance levels. 5,6 In this letter, we demonstrate control of the magnetic response through shape anisotropy and discuss the magnetic coupling between the electrode layers.…”

“…Details of our fabrication process have been described elsewhere. 5,6 In what follows, we briefly review the procedure for making the devices used here. First, a multilayered film containing the junction structure is sputter deposited onto a Si wafer.…”

Conjugates of Nanomaterials with Phthalocyanines

“…Elaborate physical methods such as gas phase deposition and electron beam lithography may be used to synthesize magnetic nanoparticles, although size control in the nanometer range is not effectively realized [115]. Numerous chemical methods such as microemulsions [116], sol-gel syntheses [117], hydrothermal reactions [118], hydrolysis and thermolysis of precursors [119], flow injection syntheses [120], electrochemical deposition [121] and electrospray syntheses [122] have also been used to synthesize MNPs.…”

Magnetic and Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoparticles in Nanomedicine: Challenges and Trends in Synthesis and Surface Engineering for Diagnostic and Therapy Applications

“…In a general way, physical methods such as gas phase deposition and electron beam lithography are elaborate procedures that suffer from the inability to control the size of particles in the nanometer size range (Pratsinis & Vemury, 1996;Rishton et al, 1997). The wet chemical routes to MNPs are simpler, more tractable and more efficient with appreciable control over size, chemical composition and sometimes even the shape of the NPs (Hyeon, 2003b;Malheiro et al, 2007;Santos et al, 2008;Sun et al, 2000;Sun & Zeng, 2002;Varanda & Jafelicci, 2006).…”