Magnetic Ti₃C₂ MXene Nanomaterials for Doxorubicin Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions: Kinetic, Isotherms, and Thermodynamic Studies

Abstract

In this work, the magnetic Ti 3 C 2 MXene functionalized with β-cyclodextrin was prepared and characterized using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The synthesized nanomaterial was used as an adsorbent to adsorb doxorubicin from aqueous solutions, and the experimental parameters that affected the adsorption efficiency were investigated. In addition, the adsorption characteristics including adsorption kinetics, adsorption isotherm, and thermodynamics were researched comprehensively. The adsorption kinetics of doxorubicin followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, which indicated that adsorption was the rate-limiting step, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 7.35 μg mg –1 by shaking for 60 min at pH 7.0. The adsorption isotherm was well described using the Freundlich model, which implied that multilayer adsorption took place over the prepared nanomaterial for doxorubicin adsorption. The negative values of Gibbs free energy change (Δ G 0 < 0) demonstrated that doxorubicin adsorption was a spontaneous process. The positive values of entropy change (Δ S 0 > 0) implied that doxorubicin adsorption was an increasing random process. Enthalpy change values were positive (Δ H 0 > 0) and indicated that the adsorption of doxorubicin was endothermic. The adsorption percentage of doxorubicin remained in the range of 41.05–44.09%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) based on the adsorption percentage through five replicate adsorption and desorption processes was 2.8%. These results indicated that the magnetic Ti 3 C 2 MXene nanomaterials can be an effective adsorbent to adsorb DOX from aqueous solutions.

ZnO–Co3O4 Nanofibers/MXene Composite with Peroxidase-Like Activity for Ascorbic Acid Detection

“…The Ti 3 C 2 T x FTIR spectrum presents bands related to hydroxyl groups at 1651 cm –1 and between 3200 and 3600 cm –1 , which can be ascribed to adsorbed water on the MXene surface. The peaks at 2927 and 2852 cm –1 are related to symmetric and asymmetric stretching vibrations of CH bonds, while the peak at 1090 cm –1 , attributed to the stretching vibration of the CF bond, indicates a functionalization of the MXene surface during etching. , The deformation vibration of the TiO and TiC bonds can be ascribed to the bands at 634 and 573 cm –1 , respectively. , The ZnOCo 3 O 4 NF spectrum presented bands centered at 2348, 1578, and 1410 cm –1 attributed to the CN, CO, and CC bonds, respectively, due to the presence of residual surface carbon in the nanofibers. , The bands between 535 and 760 cm –1 can be ascribed to the ZnO and CoO vibrations. − The nanocomposite spectrum presents the same bands of the constituent materials and does not present any additional peak. Minor shifts of the CO and CC bands can be ascribed to the interaction between the materials by van der Waals forces, indicating the success in obtaining the nanocomposite …”

Electrical Properties of Porous Nano Modified Lithium-ion Battery Negative Electrode Materials

“…The rate (the charging and discharging rate a battery) can reflect the battery's ability to charge and discharge quickly, and a higher rate means that the battery's reaction performance is better. Figure 3 shows the magnification of different materials under different loads [23] .…”

Magnetite/MXene (Fe3O4/Ti3C2) Nanocomposite as a Novel Adsorbent for Environmental Remediation of Malachite Green Dye

“…Most recently, MXene/carbon foam hybrid aerogel (MCF) was synthesized and used for methylene blue (MB) and Congo red (CR) [ 20 ], MXene/NiFeMn-layered double hydroxide decorated gelatin for the removal of Congo red [ 21 ], and porous heterostructured MXene/biomass-activated carbon composites were synthesized and used for the removal of three anionic azo dyes: allure red, Congo red, and sunset yellow [ 22 ]. In the recent past, the field of environmental remediation has paid considerable attention to magnetite nanoparticles (Fe 3 O 4 NPs) due to their tendency to aggregate and form clusters [ 23 ]. Magnetite nanoparticles (Fe 3 O 4 ) are among the most promising transition metal oxides that are used for the modification of various adsorbents [ 24 , 25 , 26 ] because of their advantages of having excellent theoretical unique capacity, affordability, and nontoxicity.…”