Magnetic susceptibility of gallium-indium alloys in liquid state

Pashaey, B. P.; Seleznev, V. V.

doi:10.1007/bf00890855

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…8, we obtained up to χ = 4.0±0.3 for a sample aspect ratio of 11 and φ = 40%. This results in a potential increase of a factor up to 5.0 in Re m ∝ 1 + χ for MHD experiments over pure eGaIn at the same conditions, and a much bigger increase in χ over pure liquid eGaIn (χ = 2.19 • 10 −6 ) [40] by a factor up to 1.8 • 10 6 .…”

Section: Magnetic Susceptibilitymentioning

confidence: 97%

Development of magnetic liquid metal suspensions for magnetohydrodynamics

et al. 2017

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We demonstrate how to suspend various magnetic and non-magnetic particles in liquid metals and characterize their properties relevant to magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). The suspending method uses an acid as a flux to eliminate oxidation from both metal particles and liquid, which allows the particles to be wetted and suspend into the liquid if the particles have higher conductivity than the liquid. With this process we were able to suspend a wide range of particle materials and sizes from 40 nm to 500 µm, into three different liquid metal bases, and volume fractions φ up to the liquid-solid transition φc. By controlling the volume fraction of iron particles in liquid eGaIn, we increased the magnetic permeability by a factor of 5.0 and the electrical conductivity by 13% over that of the pure liquid metal, which gives these materials the potential to exhibit strong MHD effects on the laboratory scale that are usually only observable in the cores of planets and stars. By adding non-magnetic zinc particles, we increased the viscosity by a factor of 160 while keeping the magnetic and electrical properties nearly constant, which would allow independent control of MHD effects from turbulence. We show that the suspensions flow like Newtonian fluids up to the volume fraction of the liquid-solid transition φc.

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Section: Magnetic Susceptibilitymentioning

confidence: 97%

Development of magnetic liquid metal suspensions for magnetohydrodynamics

et al. 2017

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“…The magnetic properties of LM pastes are mainly determined by gallium. Pure gallium has a low diamagnetism, −0.248 × 10 −6 cGSM g −1 mass magnetic susceptibility in the solid phase (−0.085 × 10 −6 cGSM g −1 for Gu), and very low paramagnetism, 0.002 × 10 −6 cGSM g −1 mass magnetic susceptibility in the liquid phase 23 . In the experimental temperature range, the magnetic properties of the LM pastes had little effect on our experiments.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D-printed integrative probeheads for magnetic resonance

et al. 2020

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Magnetic resonance (MR) technology has been widely employed in scientific research, clinical diagnosis and geological survey. However, the fabrication of MR radio frequency probeheads still face difficulties in integration, customization and miniaturization. Here, we utilized 3D printing and liquid metal filling techniques to fabricate integrative radio frequency probeheads for MR experiments. The 3D-printed probehead with micrometer precision generally consists of liquid metal coils, customized sample chambers and radio frequency circuit interfaces. We screened different 3D printing materials and optimized the liquid metals by incorporating metal microparticles. The 3D-printed probeheads are capable of performing both routine and nonconventional MR experiments, including in situ electrochemical analysis, in situ reaction monitoring with continues-flow paramagnetic particles and ions separation, and small-sample MR imaging. Due to the flexibility and accuracy of 3D printing techniques, we can accurately obtain complicated coil geometries at the micrometer scale, shortening the fabrication timescale and extending the application scenarios.

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“…Gallium is the least magnetic element. Its orientationaveraged magnetic susceptibility χ in the solid phase of − × − 0.248 10 M g 6 (cgs mass susceptibility units) [35] drops to the amazingly small value of × − 0.002 10 M g 6 in the liquid phase, two orders of magnitude smaller. This anomalously small value of magnetic susceptibility seems to come from an accidental cancellation of the atomic susceptibility with that from the free electrons in the liquid metal [37].…”

Section: Gallium-indiumalloysmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…It can be liquefied without difficulty and therefore can be produced with minimal impurities. Furthermore, gallium-indium alloys are liquid at and below room temperature over a broad range of indium concentrations [35,40]. We also wanted to check to see if the magnetic susceptibility of the liquid gallium-indium mixtures is the same as the weighted sum of the magnetic susceptibilities of the components.…”

Section: Gallium-indiumalloysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Materials with low DC magnetic susceptibility for sensitive magnetic measurements

Khatiwada¹,

Dennis²,

Kendrick³

et al. 2015

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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Materials with very low DC magnetic susceptibility have many scientific applications. To our knowledge however, relatively little research has been conducted with the goal to produce a totally nonmagnetic material. This phrase in our case means after spatially averaging over macroscopic volumes, it possesses an average zero DC magnetic susceptibility. We report measurements of the DC magnetic susceptibility of three different types of nonmagnetic materials at room temperature: (I) solutions of paramagnetic salts and diamagnetic liquids, (II) liquid gallium-indium alloys and (III) pressed powder mixtures of tungsten and bismuth. The lowest measured magnetic susceptibility among these candidate materials is in the order of 10 −9 cgs volume susceptibility units, about two orders of magnitude smaller than distilled water. In all cases, the measured concentration dependence of the magnetic susceptibility is consistent with that expected for the weighted sum of the susceptibilities of the separate components within experimental error. These results verify the wellknown Wiedemann additivity law for the magnetic susceptibility of inert mixtures of materials and thereby realize the ability to produce materials with small but tunable magnetic susceptibility. For our particular scientific application, we are also looking for materials with the largest possible number of neutrons and protons per unit volume. The gallium-indium alloys fabricated and measured in this work possess to our knowledge the smallest ratio of volume magnetic susceptibility to nucleon number density per unit volume for a room temperature liquid, and the tungsten-bismuth pressed powder mixtures possess to our knowledge the smallest ratio of volume magnetic susceptibility to nucleon number density per unit volume for a room temperature solid. This ratio is a figure of merit for a certain class of precision experiments that search for possible exotic spin-dependent forces of Nature.

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Magnetic susceptibility of gallium-indium alloys in liquid state

Cited by 10 publications

References 3 publications

Development of magnetic liquid metal suspensions for magnetohydrodynamics

Development of magnetic liquid metal suspensions for magnetohydrodynamics

3D-printed integrative probeheads for magnetic resonance

Materials with low DC magnetic susceptibility for sensitive magnetic measurements

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