Magnetic resonance signal moment determination using the Earth’s magnetic field

Fridjonsson, Einar O.; Creber, S.A.; Vrouwenvelder, Johannes S.; Johns, Michael L.

doi:10.1016/j.jmr.2015.01.013

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…The merits of the techniques assessed in this study include: (i) a non-invasive quantitative measurement of membrane biofouling, (ii) study the effect of hydrodynamics on biofouling development, (iii) determination of oxygen conditions in biofilms which exhibit dynamic changes in response to flow and substrate conditions, (iv) determine the effect of crossflow velocity, flow stagnation, stop-start intervals of crossflow, and feed spacer presence, and (v) obtaining in situ information on biofilm structure, thickness, spatial distribution, and how this may impact membrane system performance. This nondestructive in situ information under representative ) through the signal intensity (S) and magnitude (|S(k)/S max |) in k-space is shown (adapted from Fridjonsson et al [32]). NMR detection of biofouling is at an earlier stage than the pressure drop increase.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, via an analysis of the complex signal in the vicinity of the center of k-space (reciprocal image space), the first three moments of the signal spatial distribution can be obtained. These moments, ‹x›, σ 2 , and γ 3 (mean, variance and skew) are determined by the imposed magnetic field gradient via measurement of the signal phase and magnitude (|S(k)/S max |) [32].…”

Section: Nmr Signal Moment Determination To Detect Foulingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Earth's field (EF) NMR uses comparably weaker magnetic field gradients than high-field NMR systems, minimizing the signal loss due to diffusion. EF NMR offers an interesting option due to its portability, low cost, and the comparative homogeneity of the detection field [32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mini-review: novel non-destructivein situbiofilm characterization techniques in membrane systems

Linares

Fortunato

Farhat

et al. 2016

Desalination and Water Treatment

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A B S T R A C TMembrane systems are commonly used in the water industry to produce potable water and for advanced wastewater treatment. One of the major drawbacks of membrane systems is biofilm formation (biofouling), which results in an unacceptable decline in membrane performance. Three novel in situ biofouling characterization techniques were assessed: (i) optical coherence tomography (OCT), (ii) planar optodes, and (iii) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The first two techniques were assessed using a biofilm grown on the surface of nanofiltration (NF) membranes using a transparent membrane fouling simulator that accurately simulates spiral wound modules, modified for in situ biofilm imaging. For the NMR study, a spiral wound reverse osmosis membrane module was used. Results show that these techniques can provide information to reconstruct the biofilm accurately, either with 2-D (OCT, planar optodes and NMR), or 3-D (OCT and NMR) scans. These non-destructive tools can elucidate the interaction of hydrodynamics and mass transport on biofilm accumulation in membrane systems. Oxygen distribution in the biofilm can be mapped and linked to water flow and substrate characteristics; insights on the effect of crossflow velocity, flow stagnation, and feed spacer presence can be obtained, and in situ information on biofilm structure, thickness, and spatial distribution can be quantitatively assessed. The combination of these novel non-destructive in situ biofilm characterization techniques can provide realtime observation of biofilm formation at the mesoscale. The information obtained with these tools could potentially be used for further improvement in the design of membrane systems and operational parameters to reduce impact of biofouling on membrane performance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nmr Signal Moment Determination To Detect Foulingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mini-review: novel non-destructivein situbiofilm characterization techniques in membrane systems

Linares

Fortunato

Farhat

et al. 2016

Desalination and Water Treatment

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“…S14) [53]. Non-destructive early warning of biofouling in a commercial spiral-wound RO membrane has been demonstrated using an Earth's field (EF) NMR [102,103].…”

Section: Non-destructive Profiling Of Water Flowmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The advanced control strategies applying physical approaches may include variation in shear, air sparging, back-washing and chemical cleaning agents separately or combined [24]. [103]. The oxygen sensing optode and NMR detected an earlier stage of or more sensitively biofouling than the FCP increase.…”

Section: Conclusion and Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

The membrane fouling simulator: development, application, and early-warning of biofouling in RO treatment

Kim¹,

Nava-Ocampo²,

Loosdrecht³

et al. 2018

dwt

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Kruithof, Joop C.; Vrouwenvelder, Johannes S. Citation Kim LH, Nava-Ocampo, M, van Loosdrecht MCM, Kruithof JC, Vrouwenvelder JS (2018) The membrane fouling simulator: development, application, and early-warning of biofouling in RO treatment. DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 126: 1-23. Available: http://dx. a b s t r a c tThe growing demand for fresh water has resulted in increasing use of reverse osmosis (RO) membrane systems for seawater desalination. A major operational problem of RO membrane filtration systems is biofouling -biomass growth causing an unacceptable membrane performance decline. Biofouling reduces the produced water quantity and quality and increases costs. The need for fouling remediation is mainly derived from destructive trial-and-error research with practical membrane modules. Therefore, a clear need existed for the development of a small-sized membrane fouling simulator (MFS) for systematic, low-cost studies. Since the introduction of the MFS in 2006, many articles have appeared which are evaluated in this review. The review describes (i) the location of biofouling in full-scale installations, (ii) development of MFS, (iii) characterization, reproducibility and representativeness of fouling development in the MFS, (iv) applications such as assessing the impact of anti-scalant or biocide dosage, phosphate limitation, feed spacer geometry and linear flow velocity and (v) early warning for biofouling. MFS studies have increased the understanding of biofouling and enabled improved practical membrane performance such as selection of dosed chemicals and feed spacer design. Future MFS studies are anticipated to enable the development of advanced biofouling control strategies.

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NMR fluid analyzer applying to petroleum industry

et al. 2021

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Tremendous progress of developing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) fluid analyzer has been witnessed in the oil industry for last two decades. This device allows extensive and accurate exploration of fluid properties, such as its hydrogen content, composition, viscosity, hydrogen index (HI), mud filtrate invasion, gas to oil ratio, average velocity, velocity distribution etc., in the situations of in situ downhole or surface Petro-pipelines. In this review article, we focus on the design principle, manufacturing, implementation, methodology and applications of NMR fluid analyzer to oil and gas industry. A detailed description of the state-of-art NMR fluid analyzers was firstly given to exhibit their respective characteristics. With these experiences on hand, we introduced a series of NMR fluid analyzers designed by us at China University of Petroleum-Beijing with continuous optimizations, in terms of magnet construction, antenna layout, circuit design and operating surroundings. These systems discussed in this article have been demonstrated to achieve multiple NMR parameter acquisition when the fluid is in stationary or flowing state. In the end, a prototype was fabricated and validated considering a vast of engineering influences, such as variable temperatures in a large range, high pressure, limited volume, detection efficiency, etc. A particular emphasis of this paper is to expedite the measurement efficiency of the NMR fluid analyzer to reduce the operation costs. This dilemma can be Figured out by upgrading both pulse sequence and observational mode. For different fluid states, two rapid pulse sequences were proposed to sufficiently obtain the multi-dimensional NMR correlation map. Meanwhile, two observational modes were developed to take full advantage of the polarization time, during which the individual antenna was systematically switched. Another domain of interest in this review concerns the applications of this new tool. For stationary fluids case, accurate identification of fluid properties is of great value for scheme building in oil and gas exploration process. Particularly, it can acquire the fluid content by different NMR responses of different components. In addition, with Bloembergen theory and Stokes–Einstein equation, not only molecular dynamics and composition, but also oil viscosity can be readily evaluated. Moreover, HI information of crude oils will be speculated through partial least square regression. As for flowing fluids case, velocity is a significant parameter to understand the in situ fluid exploitation and therefore evaluate the productivity of certain oil wells or pipelines. Regarding to the unique magnet and antenna designs in our NMR fluid analyzer; this review adopts two distinct methods to obtain flow velocity at a wide rating scale. The first one is a time-of-flight method adaptive in a homogeneous magnetic field, which is suitable in the case of fluid at high flow velocity. The other one relies on the adjacent echo phase difference at a magnetic field with constant gradient, which is preferred for relatively low flow velocity. In the near future, this tool will be tested underground to offer individual fluid velocities by combining both the stationary and flowing analysis methods.

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Magnetic resonance signal moment determination using the Earth’s magnetic field

Cited by 12 publications

References 58 publications

Mini-review: novel non-destructivein situbiofilm characterization techniques in membrane systems

Mini-review: novel non-destructivein situbiofilm characterization techniques in membrane systems

The membrane fouling simulator: development, application, and early-warning of biofouling in RO treatment

NMR fluid analyzer applying to petroleum industry

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