Magnetic resonance imaging study of a soft actuator element during operation

Naji, Leila; Chudek, J. A.; Baker, Richard T.

doi:10.1039/b804033h

Cited by 26 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The rough surface of the membrane led to an increase in the adhesion of ink. Finally, the membrane was washed with a method described elsewhere to remove all impurities remaining from the manufacturing process.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical behavior of a Nafion‐membrane‐based solid‐state supercapacitor with a graphene oxide—multiwalled carbon nanotube—polypyrrole nanocomposite

Hosseini

Rasouli

Shahryari

et al. 2017

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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In this study, we sprayed a graphene oxide–multiwalled carbon nanotube (GM) suspension in isopropyl alcohol–water onto a Nafion membrane. The electrodeposition of polypyrrole (PPy) was carried out on Nafion to complete the fabrication of a solid‐state symmetric supercapacitor. Nafion 117 membranes are used as electrolyte separators in the preparation of supercapacitors. The characterization of the symmetric supercapacitor was done by X‐ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The electrochemical properties of the symmetric solid‐state supercapacitor were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques in 1M lithium chloride. A specific capacitance of 90.4 mF/cm2 (258.3 F/g1) was obtained for the supercapacitor at a scan rate of 10 mV s−1. Maximum energy and power densities of 10 W h/kg and 6031 W/kg were obtained for the fabricated supercapacitor. In such a symmetric configuration, the highly interconnection networks of GM–PPy provided good structure for the supercapacitor electrode, and the good interaction between PPy and GM provided fast electron‐ and charge‐transportation paths so that a high capacitance was achieved. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44926.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical behavior of a Nafion‐membrane‐based solid‐state supercapacitor with a graphene oxide—multiwalled carbon nanotube—polypyrrole nanocomposite

Hosseini

Rasouli

Shahryari

et al. 2017

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…The electrical conductivity of Nafion containing different mixtures of methanol and water was higher at low water content than that of the individual constituents while the reverse was true at high water content . The secondary structure of Nafion has been studied using techniques including small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), neutron scattering, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, MAS, 19F, and 129 Xe NMR . To study the relationship between the microstructure and actuation mechanism of IPMCs, the electrically induced diffusion of water in a commercial membrane and in an operating IPMC soft actuator device (both based on Li + ‐exchanged Nafion) have been investigated in situ by the authors by deploying a functioning electrochemical cell inside a MRI instrument .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of electrolytes of Li salts, EMIMBF₄, and mixed phases on electrochemical and physical properties of Nafion membrane

Safari

Naji

Baker

et al. 2017

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Electrolyte-soaked Nafion is commonly used as an ionic polymer in soft actuators. Here, a multitechnique investigation was applied to correlate the electrochemical behavior of Nafion membranes with their microstructures and nanostructures as a function of electrolyte type. The influence of electrolytes of Li salts with different counteranions on the Nafion membranes was investigated in terms of hydration level, structure (using X-ray diffraction and small angle X-ray scattering), stress-strain characteristics, and electrochemical behavior (by cyclic voltammetery and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy). The effects of using ionic liquid (IL), as the electrolyte, addition of different supporting solvent and the addition of Li 1 ions to water-free IL-soaked membranes on the structural and electrochemical properties of Nafion were examined. The nano-and microstructure of the Nafion changed considerably as a function of the identity of the electrolyte solution. The electrochemical behavior of the IL-soaked samples was compared with that of the water-soaked Li 1 -exchanged Nafion. It was seen that the ionic conductivity of the Nafion membranes was reduced significantly when water was replaced by pure IL. Using the supporting solvents increased the conductivity of IL-soaked Nafion membranes dramatically. The presence of a small amount of Li 1 ions together with the IL ions caused a significant decrease in charge transfer resistance and increases in double layer capacitance and in ionic conductivity over that of the water-free sample and also over watersoaked Li 1 -exchanged Nafion. These findings can be useful to improve the knowledge on Nafion's microstructure and also to improve the electromechanical behavior of Nafion-based ionic polymer-metal composites actuators.

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“…[35,36] Cations would migrate towards the negatively charged platinum electrode region and form an electric double layer at the interface, while the double layer at the other interface is formed from the immobile sulfonate groups located in the vicinity of the positively charged electrodes. Therefore, regardless to the type of counter cation within the Nafion membrane it is expected that a thicker double layer is formed near the negatively charged electrode.…”

Section: A C C E P T E D Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…IPMC actuators were prepared from 0.18 mm thick sheets of Nafion-117 in its protonated form (DuPont, equivalent weight 1100) using a technique presented by Pak et al [34] After roughening the surfaces using abrasive paper to increase the metal-polymer interface area, the membrane was washed using an established method [35,36] to remove all impurities remaining from the manufacturing process. The clean Nafion was soaked in a 4.…”

Section: Preparation Of Ipmc Actuatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The enhancement effect of lithium ions on actuation performance of ionic liquid-based IPMC soft actuators

Safari

Naji

Baker

et al. 2015

Polymer

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Soft actuators are of great technological interest and one class of these is made from ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs). It has been established that replacement of water with an ionic liquid (IL) in IPMCs results in larger actuation response and considerably longer operating life. However, the rate of displacement of IL-based IPMCs is very low. In the current work, IPMC actuators were fabricated using Nafion membrane and an imidazolium-based IL. The effects of incorporating the IL with and without Li + ions were followed using electromechanical and electrochemical measurements and were compared with the corresponding behavior of water-based Li + -exchanged and un-exchanged IPMC actuators. The addition of Li + ions to the IL-based system resulted in dramatic increases in the capacitance, ionic conduction, operating life and in the displacement rate of the actuator. This strategy is of considerable interest for enabling the use of IPMC-based soft actuators in medicine and robotics.

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Magnetic resonance imaging study of a soft actuator element during operation

Cited by 26 publications

References 19 publications

Electrochemical behavior of a Nafion‐membrane‐based solid‐state supercapacitor with a graphene oxide—multiwalled carbon nanotube—polypyrrole nanocomposite

Electrochemical behavior of a Nafion‐membrane‐based solid‐state supercapacitor with a graphene oxide—multiwalled carbon nanotube—polypyrrole nanocomposite

Influence of electrolytes of Li salts, EMIMBF₄, and mixed phases on electrochemical and physical properties of Nafion membrane

The enhancement effect of lithium ions on actuation performance of ionic liquid-based IPMC soft actuators

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Magnetic resonance imaging study of a soft actuator element during operation

Cited by 26 publications

References 19 publications

Electrochemical behavior of a Nafion‐membrane‐based solid‐state supercapacitor with a graphene oxide—multiwalled carbon nanotube—polypyrrole nanocomposite

Electrochemical behavior of a Nafion‐membrane‐based solid‐state supercapacitor with a graphene oxide—multiwalled carbon nanotube—polypyrrole nanocomposite

Influence of electrolytes of Li salts, EMIMBF4, and mixed phases on electrochemical and physical properties of Nafion membrane

The enhancement effect of lithium ions on actuation performance of ionic liquid-based IPMC soft actuators

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Influence of electrolytes of Li salts, EMIMBF₄, and mixed phases on electrochemical and physical properties of Nafion membrane