“…The reported psychometric properties and hence the diagnostic accuracy of many of the commonly used OSTs are influenced by a number of factors including but not limited to rater experience, varied interpretation of the result findings, lack of a standardized approach to performance of the test and study design-related bias (Cook et al, 2012;Hegedus et al, 2007;Geraets et al, 2015;Lange et al, 2014;Leblanc et al, 2015;Peeler et al, 2010). Moreover, research around medical imaging such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have investigated the limitation of findings through the presence of asymptomatic pathology and abnormalities (Beattie et al, 2008;Boks, Vroegindeweij, Koes, Hunink &Bierma-Zeinstra, 2006;Kaplan, Schurhoff, Selesnick, Thorpe & Uribe, 2005;LaPrade, Burnett, Veenstra & Hodgman, 1994). With the relationship between pain and radiographic pathology not fully understood and limitations in reported diagnostic accuracy of OSTs, it has been suggested that specifically defined criteria used by non-pathoanatomical classification systems may offer better utility and should be considered as an alternative to the current model .…”