Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Cervical Spine: Frequency of Degenerative Changes in the Intervertebral Disc with Relation to Age

MRI findings and physical performance as predictors of flight-induced musculoskeletal pain incidence among fighter pilots

“…This may be due to the fact that the subjects represented a population selected with very special criteria. Most changes were located in the lower cervical spine, which is contrary to the study of Abdulkarim et al [1] which suggested that findings in the cervical spine are distributed evenly at a young age but tend to occur in the lower disks with increasing age. If imaging of the neck and back were used in selection, some challenging questions -such as what would be considered critical or predictive findings, and how criteria for the rejection of asymptomatic recruits with pathological findings should be established -would need to be thoroughly discussed.…”

The Current Perception Threshold Test Differentiates Categories of Mechanical Neck Disorder

“…24,49,50,69 The most common neurological finding is sensibility disturbance, as motor changes are uncommon. 1,15,27,46,49,50,69 Evidence suggests that poor recovery in musculoskeletal pain, especially in neck disorders, [60][61][62] is associated with widespread sensory hypersensitivity (central hyperexcitability). 13,20,21,34,60,72,73 Generalized sensory hypoesthesia (hyposensitivity) and hyperesthesia (hypersensitivity) are a common feature in chronic neck disorder.…”

“…N eck pain is a common musculoskeletal disorder 1,3,4,9,17,24,51 that has a yearly prevalence estimated at roughly 30% to 50% in the general population. 6,10,16,22,24,25 Almost everyone experiences neck pain at some point in their lifetime.…”

“…Patients with neck disorders may have coexistent signs of neural involvement, including pain radiating down the arms and weakness or numbness in the upper extremity. 1,55,71 There is no definitive diagnostic procedure for MND, 24,45 and assessment of MND is further challenged by a lack of standard classification. Multiple features could be considered in the description of MND, including anatomical location of symptoms, etiology, clinical characteristics, severity of symptoms, duration of symptoms, history, physical findings, and functional movement patterns.…”

Posterior Facet Load Changes in Adjacent Segments due to Moderate and Severe Degeneration in C5-C6 Disc

“…13 In addition, conclusions from past research showed that when degeneration begins at C5, the inferior C6, followed by the superior C4, are the segments that are immediately affected. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Literature studies that have documented the effects of a degenerated segment on the adjacent-segment discs have not addressed the effects on adjacent-segment posterior facets. 7,8 Such as discs, posterior facets are also important structures for the load transmission.…”