Magnetic resonance imaging, microscopy, and spectroscopy of the central nervous system in experimental animals

Pirko, Istvan; Fricke, Stanley T.; Johnson, Aaron J.; Rodriguez, Moses; Macura, Slobodan

doi:10.1007/bf03206670

Cited by 26 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…However, as most pathological processes during the course of MS are dynamic, monitoring of disease progression requires longitudinal studies [31]. MRI has played an increasingly pivotal role as a non--invasive imaging modality allowing longitudinal imaging of MS disease progression [39,42].…”

Section: Animal Models Of Multiple Sclerosis (Ms)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In MRI studies of MS animal models, similar approaches have been used, including 2D/3D pre--and post--contrast T 1 WI and T 2 WI. These techniques are often used in addition to diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) parameters (explained in Section 3.3), such as fractional anisotropy (FA), relative anisotropy (RA), axial and radial diffusivities (AD, RD) [42,43].…”

Section: T 1 --Weighted Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Current Developments In Mri For Assessing Rodent Models of Multiple Sclerosis

et al. 2014

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MRI is a key radiological imaging technique that plays an important role in the diagnosis and characterization of heterogeneous multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions. Various MRI methodologies such as conventional T 1/T 2 contrast, contrast agent enhancement, diffusion-weighted imaging, magnetization transfer imaging and susceptibility weighted imaging have been developed to determine the severity of MS pathology, including demyelination/remyelination and brain connectivity impairment from axonal loss. The broad spectrum of MS pathology manifests in diverse patient MRI presentations and affects the accuracy of patient diagnosis. To study specific pathological aspects of the disease, rodent models such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, virus-induced and toxin-induced demyelination have been developed. This review aims to present key developments in MRI methodology for better characterization of rodent models of MS.

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Section: Animal Models Of Multiple Sclerosis (Ms)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: T 1 --Weighted Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Developments In Mri For Assessing Rodent Models of Multiple Sclerosis

et al. 2014

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“…Right image: composite image, using a mask generated by dividing the T1-weighted image matrix with the T2* weighted. Reproduced with permission from I. Pirko et al [150]. (High resolution version of this image is available in the electronic supplementary material.)…”

Section: Fig 5 Cd8mentioning

confidence: 99%

MRI in Rodent Models of Brain Disorders

et al. 2011

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Summary: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a wellestablished tool in clinical practice and research on human neurological disorders. Translational MRI research utilizing rodent models of central nervous system (CNS) diseases is becoming popular with the increased availability of dedicated small animal MRI systems. Projects utilizing this technology typically fall into one of two categories: 1) true "pre-clinical" studies involving the use of MRI as a noninvasive disease monitoring tool which serves as a biomarker for selected aspects of the disease and 2) studies investigating the pathomechanism of known human MRI findings in CNS disease models. Most small animal MRI systems operate at 4.7-11.7 Tesla field strengths. Although the higher field strength clearly results in a higher signalto-noise ratio, which enables higher resolution acquisition, a variety of artifacts and limitations related to the specific absorption rate represent significant challenges in these experiments. In addition to standard T1-, T2-, and T2*-weighted MRI methods, all of the currently available advanced MRI techniques have been utilized in experimental animals, including diffusion, perfusion, and susceptibility weighted imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging, chemical shift imaging, heteronuclear imaging, and 1 H or 31 P MR spectroscopy. Selected MRI techniques are also exclusively utilized in experimental research, including manganese-enhanced MRI, and cell-specific/molecular imaging techniques utilizing negative contrast materials. In this review, we describe technical and practical aspects of small animal MRI and provide examples of different MRI techniques in anatomical imaging and tract tracing as well as several models of neurological disorders, including inflammatory, neurodegenerative, vascular, and traumatic brain and spinal cord injury models, and neoplastic diseases.

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“…The reader is referred to a comprehensive review of animal imaging, presented separately in this volume, which includes a discussion of MS-related work. 258 …”

Section: Animal Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging of multiple sclerosis: Role in neurotherapeutics

Bakshi¹,

Minagar²,

Jaisani³

et al. 2005

Neurotherapeutics

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Summary:Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays an everexpanding role in the evaluation of multiple sclerosis (MS). This includes its sensitivity for the diagnosis of the disease and its role in identifying patients at high risk for conversion to MS after a first presentation with selected clinically isolated syndromes. In addition, MRI is a key tool in providing primary therapeutic outcome measures for phase I/II trials and secondary outcome measures in phase III trials. The utility of MRI stems from its sensitivity to longitudinal changes including those in overt lesions and, with advanced MRI techniques, in areas affected by diffuse occult disease (the so-called normalappearing brain tissue). However, all current MRI methodology suffers from limited specificity for the underlying histopathology. Conventional MRI techniques, including lesion detection and measurement of atrophy from T1-or T2-weighted images, have been the mainstay for monitoring disease activity in clinical trials, in which the use of gadolinium with T1-weighted images adds additional sensitivity and specificity for areas of acute inflammation. Advanced imaging methods including magnetization transfer, fluid attenuated inversion recovery, diffusion, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, functional MRI, and nuclear imaging techniques have added to our understanding of the pathogenesis of MS and may provide methods to monitor therapies more sensitively in the future. However, these advanced methods are limited by their cost, availability, complexity, and lack of validation. In this article, we review the role of conventional and advanced imaging techniques with an emphasis on neurotherapeutics.

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Magnetic resonance imaging, microscopy, and spectroscopy of the central nervous system in experimental animals

Cited by 26 publications

References 77 publications

Current Developments In Mri For Assessing Rodent Models of Multiple Sclerosis

Current Developments In Mri For Assessing Rodent Models of Multiple Sclerosis

MRI in Rodent Models of Brain Disorders

Imaging of multiple sclerosis: Role in neurotherapeutics

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