Magnetic properties of reduced Dy NdFeB permanent magnets and their usage in electrical machines

Vaimann, Toomas; Kallaste, Ants; Kilk, Aleksander; Belahcen, Anouar

doi:10.1109/afrcon.2013.6757787

Cited by 25 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Important properties of a magnet are remanence (magnetic strength), coercivity (resistance to demagnetization), and the energy product (the maximum magnetic energy density) (Lucas et al 2015;Vaimann et al 2013). Neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magnets have a high-energy product and high remanence, as well as good mechanical properties for processing complex shapes (Lucas et al 2015;Tong 2014).…”

Section: Permanent Magnetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a consequence, NdFeB magnets have become widely used for all types of magnet applications. However, magnet properties are temperature dependent, and ordinary NdFeB magnets are easily demagnetized at high temperature (Vaimann et al 2013). Demagnetization occurs if the load on the magnet becomes too high, for example during faulty operation such as a short circuit.…”

Section: Permanent Magnetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is ensured by adding specific heavy rare earth elements, e.g., dysprosium, to replace some of the neodymium (Brown et al 2002;Yan et al 2010;Vaimann et al 2013). Common Nd(Dy)FeB magnet compositions consist of up to 10% dysprosium, 22-32% neodymium, 67-70% iron, and 1% boron (Yan et al 2010;Gutfleisch et al 2011;Fyhr et al 2012).…”

Section: Permanent Magnetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Common Nd(Dy)FeB magnet compositions consist of up to 10% dysprosium, 22-32% neodymium, 67-70% iron, and 1% boron (Yan et al 2010;Gutfleisch et al 2011;Fyhr et al 2012). However, while increasing coercivity, dysprosium lowers the remanence (Brown et al 2002;Vaimann et al 2013). Also, it is expensive due to limited supply (Dorrell et al 2011;Gutfleisch et al 2011).…”

Section: Permanent Magnetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, dysprosium additions are preferably minimized but necessarily sufficient to accomplish most of the desired benefits. One solution to this balance problem is to add dysprosium at the boundaries between the grains of the magnet material (Yan et al 2010;Vaimann et al 2013;Hitachi 2014;Nakada et al 2014). Data for such a low dysprosium grade Nd(Dy)FeB magnet was collected from Hitachi's NEOMAX-series (Hitachi 2014;Hitachi Metals, 2014a, b, 2015b and used for the calculations.…”

Section: Permanent Magnetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

A scalable life cycle inventory of an electrical automotive traction machine—Part I: design and composition

Lundmark

Grunditz

Tillman

et al. 2017

Int J Life Cycle Assess

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Purpose A scalable life cycle inventory (LCI) model of a permanent magnet electrical machine, containing both design and production data, has been established. The purpose is to contribute with new and easy-to-use data for LCA of electric vehicles by providing a scalable mass estimation and manufacturing inventory for a typical electrical automotive traction machine. The aim of this article (part I of two publications) is to present the machine design, the model structure, and an evaluation of the models' mass estimations. Methods Data for design and production of electrical machines has been compiled from books, scientific papers, benchmarking literature, expert interviews, various specifications, factory records, and a factory site visit. For the design part, one small and one large reference machine were constructed in a software tool, which linked the machines' maximum ability to deliver torque to the mass of its electromagnetically active parts. Additional data for remaining parts was then gathered separately to make the design complete. The two datasets were combined into one model, which calculates the mass of all motor subparts from an input of maximum power and torque. The range of the model is 20-200 kW and 48-477 Nm. The validity of the model was evaluated through comparison with seven permanent magnet electrical traction machines from established brands. Results and discussion The LCI model was successfully implemented to calculate the mass content of 20 different materials in the motor. The models' mass estimations deviate up to 21% from the examples of real motors, which still falls within expectations for a good result, considering a noticeable variability in design, even for the same machine type and similar requirements. The model results form a rough and reasonable median in comparison to the pattern created by all data points. Also, the reference motors were assessed for performance, showing that the electromagnetic efficiency reaches 96-97%. Conclusions The LCI model relies on thorough design data collection and fundamental electromagnetic theory. The selected design has a high efficiency, and the motor is suitable for electric propulsion of vehicles. Furthermore, the LCI model generates representative mass estimations when compared with recently published data for electrical traction machines. Hence, for permanent magnet-type machines, the LCI model may be used as a generic component estimation for LCA of electric vehicles, when specific data is lacking.Keywords Electric . Electrical . Inventory . IPM . IPMSM . Life cycle assessment . Machine . Magnet . Mass . Material Preamble This series of two articles presents a new scalable life cycle inventory (LCI) data model of an electrical automotive traction machine, available to download from the CPM database of the Swedish Life Cycle Center. Part I describes how the LCI model was established and the type of results it provides, including the underlying permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) design and the structure of the LCI data m...

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Section: Permanent Magnetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Permanent Magnetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Permanent Magnetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Permanent Magnetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Permanent Magnetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

A scalable life cycle inventory of an electrical automotive traction machine—Part I: design and composition

Lundmark

Grunditz

Tillman

et al. 2017

Int J Life Cycle Assess

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Exploring the electrical performance of advanced and environmental-friendly novel nanomaterial wires in generator winding through finite element analysis

Hassan

Chen²,

Abbas³

et al. 2022

J Comput Electron

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A scalable life cycle inventory of an electrical automotive traction machine—Part II: manufacturing processes

Lundmark

Tillman

2017

Int J Life Cycle Assess

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Purpose A scalable life cycle inventory (LCI) model of a permanent magnet electrical machine, containing both design and production data, has been established. The purpose is to contribute with new and easy to use data for life cycle assessment (LCA) of electric vehicles by providing a scalable mass estimation and manufacturing inventory for a typical electrical automotive traction machine. The aim of this article (part II of two publications) is to present the manufacturing data with associated collection procedures, from material constituents to complete motor. Another objective is to explain the gate-to-gate system boundaries and the principles for linking the LCI model upstream, to database data, in order to create a full cradle-to-gate dataset. Methods Data for design and production of electrical machines has been compiled from books, scientific papers, benchmarking literature, expert interviews, various specifications, factory records, and a factory site visit. For the manufacturing part, new primary data was collected directly from industry, with a motor factory and a steel mill in Sweden as main contributors, and from technical literature. Other LCA publications were used, if presented in sufficient detail to be disaggregated and revised, to match the gaps of the model. The data represents the current level of technology and targets high-volume manufacturing to the largest extent possible. Also, flows crossing the system boundary have a recommended link to Ecoinvent data, or a request for an attentive selection of input data, depending on the user's object of study. A distinction was made between the regular and an extended system boundary, wherein the processing of some smaller subparts was accounted for through proposals of ready-made Ecoinvent activities for production efforts. Results and discussion An extensive new dataset representing electrical machine manufacturing is presented, and, together with the estimation of motor mass and configuration of article part I, it forms a comprehensive scalable LCI model of a typical automotive electric traction motor. New production data includes a complete motor factory, electrical steel production, and the fabrication of a neodymium-dysprosium-iron-boron (Nd(Dy)FeB) magnet. In addition, smaller, new datasets cover the composition of silicon steel, the making of electrolytic iron, enameling of copper wire, and die casting of aluminum. Conclusions Successful data generation required Bdata building^from multiple sources and access to expert support. Transparent, well-explained, and disaggregated data records were found to be crucial for LCA data validation and usefulness. PreambleThis series of two articles presents a new scalable life cycle inventory (LCI) data model of an electrical automotive traction machine, available to download from the CPM database of the Swedish Life Cycle Center. Part I describes how the LCI model was established and the type of results it provides, including the underlying permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) design an...

show abstract

Magnetic properties of reduced Dy NdFeB permanent magnets and their usage in electrical machines

Cited by 25 publications

References 13 publications

A scalable life cycle inventory of an electrical automotive traction machine—Part I: design and composition

A scalable life cycle inventory of an electrical automotive traction machine—Part I: design and composition

Exploring the electrical performance of advanced and environmental-friendly novel nanomaterial wires in generator winding through finite element analysis

A scalable life cycle inventory of an electrical automotive traction machine—Part II: manufacturing processes

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