A reinvestigation of nearly stoichiometric
RTiO3 samples
shows that (1) the transition from ferromagnetic to antiferromagnetic Ti–O–Ti interactions with increasing
R3+-ion radius
r3+ occurs
at r3+≈1.11 Å where
orthorhombic (Pbnm) RMO3
perovskites universally change structure from a cooperative rotation of undistorted to distorted
MO6/2 octahedra about
the orthorhombic b-axis, (2) the size of polaronic holes decreases progressively with
r3+ from about ten
Ti sites in LaTiO3 to
small polarons in GdTiO3, (3) the strength of the R–O–Ti interactions increases with the spin of the
R3+
ion in the ferromagnetic compounds, (4) the saturation magnetization of the ferromagnetic
TiO3 array at 5 K and the
Curie temperature TC both
increase with decreasing r3+
where the R3+
ions have no spin, and (5) there is no evidence of ‘cluster-glass’ behaviour where there is no variance
of the R3+-ion radii. The cooperative Jahn–Teller orbital ordering and small-polaron
behaviour of the ferrimagnetic and ferromagnetic compounds would
favour localized Ti-3d electrons. However, the lack of saturation to
1 μB/Ti of the ferromagnetic
TiO3 array in the absence
of a spin on the R3+
ion suggests a separation of an orbitally ordered ferromagnetic phase and an orbitally
disordered paramagnetic phase.