Magnetic-Propelled Janus Yeast Cell Robots Functionalized with Metal-Organic Frameworks for Mycotoxin Decontamination

Abstract

Cell robots that transform natural cells into active platforms hold great potential to enrich the biomedical prospects of artificial microrobots. Here, we present Janus yeast cell microrobots (JYC-robots) prepared by asymmetrically coating Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) and subsequent in situ growth of zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF-67) on the surface of yeast cells. The magnetic actuation relies on the Fe3O4 NPs wrapping. As the compositions of cell robots, the cell wall with abundant polysaccharide coupling with porous and oxidative ZIF-67 can concurrently remove mycotoxin (e.g., zearalenone (ZEN)). The magnetic propulsion accelerates the decontamination efficiency of JYC-robots against ZEN. Although yeast cells with fully coating of Fe3O4 NPs and ZIF-67 (FC-yeasts) show faster movement than JYC-robots, higher toxin-removal efficacy is observed for JYC-robots compared with that of FC-yeasts, reflecting the vital factor of the yeast cell wall in removing mycotoxin. Such design with Janus modification of magnetic NPs (MNPs) and entire coating of ZIF-67 generates active cell robot platform capable of fuel-free propulsion and enhanced detoxification, offering a new formation to develop cell-based robotics system for environmental remediation.

Micro/Nanofabrication, Assembly, and Actuation Based on Microorganisms: Recent Advances and Perspectives

“…Based on film deposition techniques (e.g., electroless plating, sol-gel process, ultrasonic chemical method), the delicate shapes and structures can be directly replicated, which provides an effective way to fabricate structural monomers with diversity in geometric features and also promising properties. [68][69][70] To date, various microorganism species with typical shapes have been used for biotemplated forming, including Chlorella, [71][72][73][74] yeast, [75][76][77] bacillus, [78][79][80] Escherichia coli., [81][82][83] virus, [84][85][86][87][88] Spirulina, [89][90][91][92] and diatoms. [93][94][95][96][97] Based on microbial extracellular forming technique, a range of functional microparticles with various shapes and coating materials have been fabricated, including microspheres, microrods, microflakes, microcoils, etc.…”

Advanced mycotoxin control and decontamination techniques in view of an increased aflatoxin risk in Europe due to climate change

“…Iron and zinc oxides, silver, copper, or selenium nanoparticles are gaining massive attention in mycotoxin research because of their effective binding capacity in agricultural feedstuff and foods. Nanoparticles can be functionalized to enhance mycotoxin binding capacity, to provide binding affinity towards various types of mycotoxins, or even to immobilize enzymes, cells ( Duishemambet Kyzy et al, 2022 ) or build magnetic-propelled yeast cell robots ( Lu et al, 2021 ) able to reduce mycotoxin contamination. AFB 1 degradation has been studied using iron oxide nanoparticles in vitro and in edible oils magnetic graphene composite.…”

Biomedical Nanosystems for <i>in vivo</i> Detoxification: From Passive Delivery Systems to Functional Nanodevices and Nanorobots

“…They bind to pathogens and neutralize pore-forming toxins [ 71 , 72 ]. There are examples [ 73 ] of microrobots with Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles covering yeast cells and creating a zeolite imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF-67) to neutralize mycotoxins ( Fig. 3 ).…”

“…Адаптировано из[55] ОБЗОРЫ образующих токсинов[71,72]. Опубликованы примеры[73] получения микророботов с наночастицами Fe 3 O 4 , покрывающими дрожжевые клетки, и создания цеолитного имидазолатного каркаса-67 (ZIF-67) для нейтрализации микотоксинов (рис. 3).…”