Magnetic-Polymer Composites for Bonding and 3D Printing of Permanent Magnets

Palmero, Ester M.; Casaleiz, Daniel; Jiménez, Nadia Alejandra; Rial, J.; Vicente, Javier de; Nieto, Albert; Altimira, Ricardo; Bollero, A.

doi:10.1109/tmag.2018.2863560

Cited by 44 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…It is thus deduced that magnetic properties not only depend on the magnetic characteristics of the powder but are also a function of filler distribution and dispersion within the epoxy polymer. In general, the measured values of remanence are comparable with the values reported in the technical literature for NdFeB-and SrFeO-bonded magnets [19]. [19].…”

Section: Sem and Magnetic Characterization Of 3d Printed Composite Masupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Methodologies to orient ferromagnetic particles at user defined angles and the influence of external magnetic field strength on degree of particle alignment at lower filler loadings for AM process have been reported in the technical literature [18]. Magnetic products based on strontium ferrite (SrFe 12 O 19 , abbreviated herein as SrFeO) and NdFeB were fabricated using the extrusion of developed strips and filaments using ethylene ethyl acrylate as a binder [19]. Stainless steel microparticles in an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer matrix were 3D printed with the motive of utilizing the resulting parts in the application of passive magnetic sensors and actuators [20].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Development and Characterization of Stable Polymer Formulations for Manufacturing Magnetic Composites

Nagarajan

Kamkar

Schoen

et al. 2020

JMMP

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Polymer bonded permanent magnets find significant applications in a multitude of electrical and electronic devices. In this study, magnetic particle-loaded epoxy resin formulations were developed for in-situ polymerization and material jetting based additive manufacturing processes. Fundamental material and process issues like particle settling at room temperature and elevated temperature curing, rheology control and geometric stability of the magnetic polymer during the thermal curing process are addressed. Control of particle settling, modifications in rheological behavior and geometric stability were accomplished using an additive that enabled the modification of the formulation behavior at different process conditions. The magnetic particle size and additive loading were found to influence the rheological properties significantly. The synergistic effect of the additive enabled the developing of composites with engineered magnetic filler loading. Morphological characterization using scanning electron microscopy revealed a homogenous particle distribution in composites. It was observed that the influence of temperature was profound on the coercive field and remanent magnetization of the magnetic composites. The characterization of magnetic polymers and composites using rheometry, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry analysis enabled the correlating of the behavior observed in different stages of the manufacturing processes. Furthermore, this fundamental research facilitates a pathway to construct robust materials and processes to develop magnetic composites with engineered properties.

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Section: Sem and Magnetic Characterization Of 3d Printed Composite Masupporting

confidence: 87%

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confidence: 99%

Development and Characterization of Stable Polymer Formulations for Manufacturing Magnetic Composites

Nagarajan

Kamkar

Schoen

et al. 2020

JMMP

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“…Following earlier investigations [16,17], a huge solid load (denoted as vol.%) is targeted to achieve significant property changes. Due to the large ferrite density (5.4 g/cm 3 ) a high ceramic weight content is necessary to obtain a huge volume content, e.g., 35 vol.% is equivalent to 72 wt.%. As known from previous investigated composites with e.g., ABS as polymeric host, the torque increases with increasing solid load [16,17] (Figure 2a).…”

Section: Compounding and Rheological Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wei et al investigated the magnetic properties of barium and strontium ferrite, dispersed in a polyvinylalcohol/polyethylene-glycol (PVA/PEG) binder, applying a syringe-type 3D printing process and different ferrite treatment strategies [34]. Palmero et al investigated the filament fabrication and magnetization of composites consisting of small amounts of strontium ferrite (8 wt.%) and NdFeB (6.6 wt.%), dispersed in ethylene ethyl acetate [35]. Composites consisting of 65 vol.% coarse grained (20-200 µm) NdFeB plate-shaped particles, dispersed in polyamide 12, delivered huge values for the remnant flux density of 0.51 T and an energy product of 43.49 kJ/cm 3 applying material extrusion [36].…”

Section: Magnetic Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Printing of ABS Barium Ferrite Composites

2020

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In this work, a process for the realization of new polymer matrix composites with nanosized barium ferrite (BaFe12O19) as ferrimagnetic filler, acryl butadiene styrene (ABS) as polymer matrix and an extrusion-based method, namely fused filament fabrication (FFF), as 3D printing method will be described comprehensively. The whole process consists of the individual steps material compounding, rheological testing, filament extrusion, 3D-printing via FFF and finally a widespread specimen characterization regarding to appearance, mechanical properties like tensile and bending behavior as well as the aspired magnetic properties. Increasing ferrite amounts up to 40 vol.% (equal 76 wt.%) cause a reduction of the ultimate stress and an increase of the magnetic polarization as well as of the energy product (BH)max in comparison to the pure polymer matrix. In addition, an extensive discussion of typical printing defects and their consequences on the device properties will be undertaken.

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“…Direct ink writing (DIW) and fused filament fabrication (FFF) have been used to fabricate fast responding actuators, inks containing high loads of magnetic fillers and 2D planar structures that exploit folding and unfolding processes . Additionally, 3D printed permanent magnets were developed …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Printing of Magnetoresponsive Polymeric Materials with Tunable Mechanical and Magnetic Properties by Digital Light Processing

Lantean

Barrera

Pirri

et al. 2019

Adv Materials Technologies

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nanocomposites [12][13][14][15] -have been investigated for a broad variety of applications, from micro-and soft-robotics [10,[16][17][18] to biomedicine. [19][20][21][22][23][24] Among the different strategies, an accessible pathway to fabricate stimuli-responsive (4D) printed objects consists in magnetizing a soft-polymer by loading the polymeric matrix with magnetic fillers, such as particles of magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) or neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB). [25][26][27][28][29][30][31] Direct ink writing (DIW) and fused filament fabrication (FFF) have been used to fabricate fast responding actuators, [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] inks containing high loads of magnetic fillers [41] and 2D planar structures that exploit folding and unfolding processes. [42] Additionally, 3D printed permanent magnets were developed. [43][44][45][46][47][48] However, both DIW and FFF present some drawbacks: first in terms of resolution; second in terms of the dispersion of the fillers, that may lead to nonhomogeneous magnetic response; and third in terms of temperature of processing, which could be not compatible with the fillers. [48,49] For the last one, the temperature can be decreased using some additives, however this approach may affect the mechanical performances of devices. [41] An alternative to DIW and FFF is digital light processing (DLP). This vat polymerization 3D printing technology involves the use of photosensitive (liquid) resins which are able to cure (i.e., to solidify) upon irradiation with a suitable light source. In DLP, a digital light projector (digital micromirror device) illuminates a photocurable resin with a 2D pixel pattern allowing the curing of single slices of the 3D object. [50][51][52] The aforementioned drawbacks associated to DIW and FFF can be overcome by the use of DLP. Indeed: (i) the printing resolution in DLP belongs to the pixel dimensions and it is generally higher than DIW and FFF, [53,54] (ii) in DLP the dispersion of the fillers is easier to control since liquid formulations are used; and (iii) the fabrication process generally occurs at room temperature. Nevertheless, two precautions must be taken into account: first, the increase of the content of nanoparticles may affect the photopolymerization process since they compete with the photoinitiator in absorbing the incident radiation; and second, the dispersion of the fillers must be stable for the whole printing procedure in order to print an object whose response is homogeneous to an external input. For the latter, macroscopic sedimentation, segregation, and spatial inhomogeneity must be avoided.Digital light processing is used for printing magnetoresponsive polymeric materials with tunable mechanical and magnetic properties. Mechanical properties are tailored, from stiff to soft, by combining urethane-acrylate resins with butyl acrylate as the reactive diluent. The magnetic response of the printed samples is tuned by changing the Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticle loading up to 6 wt%. Following this strategy, magnetoresponsive active components ar...

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Magnetic-Polymer Composites for Bonding and 3D Printing of Permanent Magnets

Cited by 44 publications

References 12 publications

Development and Characterization of Stable Polymer Formulations for Manufacturing Magnetic Composites

Development and Characterization of Stable Polymer Formulations for Manufacturing Magnetic Composites

3D Printing of ABS Barium Ferrite Composites

3D Printing of Magnetoresponsive Polymeric Materials with Tunable Mechanical and Magnetic Properties by Digital Light Processing

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