Magnetic Nanoparticles: From Design and Synthesis to Real World Applications

Abstract

The increasing number of scientific publications focusing on magnetic materials indicates growing interest in the broader scientific community. Substantial progress was made in the synthesis of magnetic materials of desired size, morphology, chemical composition, and surface chemistry. Physical and chemical stability of magnetic materials is acquired by the coating. Moreover, surface layers of polymers, silica, biomolecules, etc. can be designed to obtain affinity to target molecules. The combination of the ability to respond to the external magnetic field and the rich possibilities of coatings makes magnetic materials universal tool for magnetic separations of small molecules, biomolecules and cells. In the biomedical field, magnetic particles and magnetic composites are utilized as the drug carriers, as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and in magnetic hyperthermia. However, the multifunctional magnetic particles enabling the diagnosis and therapy at the same time are emerging. The presented review article summarizes the findings regarding the design and synthesis of magnetic materials focused on biomedical applications. We highlight the utilization of magnetic materials in separation/preconcentration of various molecules and cells, and their use in diagnosis and therapy.

Layer‐By‐Layer Modified Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Stimuli‐Responsive Drug Release Properties

“…Hydrodynamic diameter and zeta-potential measurements were performed by Zetasizer Nano-ZS equipment (Malvern Instruments Ltd., UK), XRD analysis were taken with Rigaku X-ray Diffraction (Miniflex) with CuKα (30 kV, λ = 1.5405 Å. TEM images were obtained by FEI Tecnai G2 Spirit Bio Twin CTEM voltage 20-120 kV by placing a drop of bare or coated SPIONs solution on the surface of a copper grid coated with a carbon substrate with 3 mm diameter, followed by the deposition of the particles at the surface and air-drying. 1 H-NMR measurements were carried out at room temperature using Bruker Spectrospin Avance DPX-400 Ultra shield instrument operating at 400 MHz. Gel permeating chromatography (GPC) measurements were carried out using Agilent instrument (Model 1100) consisting of refractive index (RI) detectors and three Macherey-Nagel columns which are packed with a highly cross-linked macroporous, spherical polystyrene-divinyl-benzene polymer matrix (Columns 300 × 7.7 mm, particles 5 µm).…”

“…Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are of interest for drug delivery applications due to their nontoxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable properties with efficient clearance from the body through biochemical pathways for Fe metabolism . The magnetic properties make SPIONs amenable to serve as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging.…”

“…Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are of interest for drug delivery applications due to their nontoxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable properties with efficient clearance from the body through biochemical pathways for Fe metabolism. [1,2] The magnetic properties make SPIONs amenable to serve as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging. Also, they can be guided to a specific location in the body by magnetic field and can be used as hyperthermia agents to trigger drug release from the nanoparticle surface or to cause temperatureinduced ablation of the tissue.…”

Perspective: Magnetoresistive sensors for biomedicine

“…52 Therefore, an additional advantage of such markers apart from their controllable size, which ranges from a few nanometers up to a few micrometers, is that they are very attractive for coupling with biological entities (e.g., viruses, bacteria, cells, and genes), which have comparable sizes. [53][54][55] Once their surface is coated with the above-mentioned bioactive ligands, they can bind and interact with biological entities, thus providing a key method of labeling or addressing these entities. Imaging agents such as quantum dots or fluorophores may also be attached to their surface or incorporated in the polymer matrix (see Fig.…”

A green approach to the synthesis of 2,3‐diaminophenazine using a photocatalytic system of CdFe2O4/TiO2 nanoparticles

“…Reducing and controlling exposure and hazard leads to low environmental risk. MNPs, in particular, nanozero‐valent iron, magnetite, and maghemite have sparked potential applications in medicine, molecular biology, and remediation of polluted water . Loading of Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles on TiO 2 may lead to better charge separation and enhanced photocatalytic activity of TiO 2 .…”