Magnetic Nanoparticle-Mediated Hyperthermia and Induction of Anti-Tumor Immune Responses

Abstract

Magnetic nanoparticle-mediated hyperthermia (MNHT) can heat tumor tissue to the desired temperature without damaging surrounding normal tissue. The MNHT system consists of targeting tumor with functional magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and then applying an external alternating magnetic field (AMF) to generate heat in the MNPs. Temperature in the tumor tissue is increased to above 43 C, which causes necrosis of cancer cells but does not damage surrounding normal tissue. Among available MNPs, magnetite has been extensively studied. Recent years have seen remarkable advances in MNHT; both functional MNPs and AMF generators have been developed. By applying MNHT, heat shock proteins (HSPs) are highly expressed within and around tumor tissue, which causes intriguing biological responses such as tumor-specific immune response. These results suggest that MNHT is able to kill not only tumors exposed to heat treatment, but also unheated metastatic tumors at distant sites. Currently, some researchers have started clinical trials, suggesting that the time has come for clinical applications.

Dual Role of Magnetic Nanoparticles as Intracellular Hotspots and Extracellular Matrix Disruptors Triggered by Magnetic Hyperthermia in 3D Cell Culture Models

“…This size is also considered to be in the range to achieve the better heating properties for magnetite/maghemite. 40 MNPs have been prepared by thermal decomposition to have a careful control of the particle size and size distribution (Fig. 2).…”

“…This diameter fulfills the requirements for in vivo experimentation, as it avoids fast renal clearance. This size is also considered to be in the range to achieve the better heating properties for magnetite/maghemite …”

A Comprehensive Review of Magnetic Nanomaterials Modern Day Theranostics

“…it was also suggested that gold nanoparticles may replace conventional iodine based contrasting agents as these reagents display renal toxicity and fast excretion. Gold nanoparticles displayed excellent biocompatibility, enhanced stability and increased accumulation in computed tomography tumor imaging (Kobayashi et al, 2016). Ultrasound imaging is a clinical diagnostic tool extensively used due to interesting features such as being non-invasive, cost-effective and portable.…”

Superparamagnetic Fe/Au Nanoparticles and Their Feasibility for Magnetic Hyperthermia

“…These parameters need to be optimized before the in vitro/in vivo and preclinical studies. Many trials were performed to optimize some or all of those factors using different methods of particle preparations [16,17]. Other work has been developed to enhance the particles dispersion and biocompatibility in biological solutions using thermal seed of alloys, iron oxides as colloidal mediators, and Ni-Cu nanoparticles [17][18][19][20][21][22][23].…”

“…Many trials were performed to optimize some or all of those factors using different methods of particle preparations [16,17]. Other work has been developed to enhance the particles dispersion and biocompatibility in biological solutions using thermal seed of alloys, iron oxides as colloidal mediators, and Ni-Cu nanoparticles [17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. Although there have been many works to optimize the heating power-related factors, nanoparticles still represent considerable technical challenges like the formation of clusters and agglomerates, which negatively affect the total output heating power [24,25].…”