Magnetic Nanodiscs—A New Promising Tool for Microsurgery of Malignant Neoplasms

Abstract

Magnetomechanical therapy is one of the most perspective directions in tumor microsurgery. According to the analysis of recent publications, it can be concluded that a nanoscalpel could become an instrument sufficient for cancer microsurgery. It should possess the following properties: (1) nano- or microsized; (2) affinity and specificity to the targets on tumor cells; (3) remote control. This nano- or microscalpel should include at least two components: (1) a physical nanostructure (particle, disc, plates) with the ability to transform the magnetic moment to mechanical torque; (2) a ligand—a molecule (antibody, aptamer, etc.) allowing the scalpel precisely target tumor cells. Literature analysis revealed that the most suitable nanoscalpel structures are anisotropic, magnetic micro- or nanodiscs with high-saturation magnetization and the absence of remanence, facilitating scalpel remote control via the magnetic field. Additionally, anisotropy enhances the transmigration of the discs to the tumor. To date, four types of magnetic microdiscs have been used for tumor destruction: synthetic antiferromagnetic P-SAF (perpendicular) and SAF (in-plane), vortex Py, and three-layer non-magnetic–ferromagnet–non-magnetic systems with flat quasi-dipole magnetic structures. In the current review, we discuss the biological effects of magnetic discs, the mechanisms of action, and the toxicity in alternating or rotating magnetic fields in vitro and in vivo. Based on the experimental data presented in the literature, we conclude that the targeted and remotely controlled magnetic field nanoscalpel is an effective and safe instrument for cancer therapy or theranostics.

Magnetic Fields and Cancer: Epidemiology, Cellular Biology, and Theranostics

“…Magnetomechanical therapy is one of the most prospective directions in tumor microsurgery based on a physical nanostructure that is able to transform the magnetic moment to mechanical torque and a ligand molecule that allows the scalpel to precisely target tumor cells [578]. Nano-magnetomechanical activation (NMMA) of the MNPs is used to localize and apply force to target biomolecular structures as transport vesicles, cell organelles, enzyme molecules, etc., without significant heating [579].…”

“…Hedgehog-like microspheres that were composed of needle-like MNP with carbon and gold double shells seriously damaged cancer cells and strongly inhibited tumor growth through mechanical force [582]. Magnetic disks are a new generation of MNP with outstanding properties to face biomedical challenges in cancer treatment microsurgery [578] and the investigation toward the most efficient magnetomechanical actuator to destroy cancer cells has been recently reviewed [583].…”

Низкочастотный Спектр Гиротропных Мод Конечной Цепочки Взаимодействующих Ферромагнитных Нанодисков

“…Изучение магнитных наноструктур с вихревым распределением намагниченности остается актуальным и связано, в частности, с определенными ожиданиями и успехами в прикладном отношении (неинвазивная клеточная хирургия опухолей в медицине [1,2], устройства спинтроники [3][4][5]).…”

Unusual Magnetic Hysteresis and Transition between Vortex and Double Pole States Arising from Interlayer Coupling in Diamond-Shaped Nanostructures

“…The combination of unique concepts, such as perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, giant magnetoresistance, oscillating interlayer coupling, , and skyrmion textures, may give rise to unexpected emergent results and potential novel applications. Layered magnetic films combined with nanofabrication techniques have been used to develop, for example, new functional nanoparticles for biomedical applications. − Similarly, magnetic nanodisks with high saturation magnetization and zero remanence are synthesized to improve remote manipulation. − Alternatives to traditional recording techniques rely on increasing the number of memory states in a single bit. − However, stabilizing multistate magnetization states at relevant length and time scales seems not to be possible for practical applications.…”