Magnetic brain stimulation with a double coil: the importance of coil orientation

Mills, Kerry; Boniface, Simon; Schubert, Margot

doi:10.1016/0168-5597(92)90096-t

Cited by 436 publications

(281 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Pulses were delivered to the left M1 corresponding to the forearm and leg regions during the 'upper limb' and 'lower limb' blocks, respectively. The coil was placed tangentially on the scalp, with the handle pointing laterally and caudally (Brasil-Neto et al, 1992;Mills, Boniface, & Schubert, 1992). The OSP was determined by moving the intersection of the coil in approximately 0.5 cm steps around the target area until a position was reached at which a 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 10 maximal MEP amplitude was produced in the target muscle with a minimal stimulation intensity.…”

Section: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The multiform motor cortical output: Kinematic, predictive and response coding

Sartori

Betti

Chinellato

et al. 2015

Cortex

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Observing actions performed by others entails a subliminal activation of primary motor cortex reflecting the components encoded in the observed action. One of the most debated issues concerns the role of this output: Is it a mere replica of the incoming flow of information (kinematic coding), is it oriented to anticipate the forthcoming events (predictive coding) or is it aimed at responding in a suitable fashion to the actions of others (response coding)? The aim of the present study was to disentangle the relative contribution of these three levels and unify them into an integrated view of cortical motor coding. We combined transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electromyography recordings at different timings to probe the excitability of corticospinal projections to upper and lower limb muscles of participants observing a soccer player performing:(i) a penalty kick straight in their direction and then coming to a full stop, (ii) a penalty kick straight in their direction and then continuing to run, (iii) a penalty kick to the side and then continuing to run. The results show a modulation of the observer's corticospinal excitability in different effectors at different times reflecting a multiplicity of motor coding. The internal replica of the observed action, the predictive activation, and the adaptive integration of congruent and non-congruent responses to the actions of others can coexist in a not mutually exclusive way. Such a view offers reconciliation among different (and apparently divergent) frameworks in action observation literature, and will promote a more complete and integrated understanding of recent findings on motor simulation, motor resonance and automatic imitation.

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Section: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The multiform motor cortical output: Kinematic, predictive and response coding

Sartori

Betti

Chinellato

et al. 2015

Cortex

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“…Single-pulse TMS was delivered to the primary motor cortex (M1) of either the left or right hemisphere at the optimal scalp position (hotspot) to elicit motor responses in the contralateral FDI muscle. The handle of the coil was oriented towards the back of the head and laterally at a 45°angle away from the midline, approximately perpendicular to the central sulcus (Mills et al 1992). The resting motor threshold (rMT) was defined as the lowest stimulation intensity required to evoke MEPs with an amplitude larger than 100 μV peak-to-peak in at least five of ten consecutive trials (Gilio et al 2003); the rMT was determined for each hemisphere of each individual.…”

Section: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-related differences in corticospinal excitability during a choice reaction time task

Cuypers

Thijs

Duqué

et al. 2012

AGE

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Age-related declines in central processing may affect corticospinal (CS) excitability that underlies the emergence of voluntary responses to external stimuli. We used single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor cortex to explore the evolution of CS excitability in 14 young and ten elderly healthy right-handed participants. Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) were elicited in the right or left first dorsal interosseus (FDI) during the preparatory and premotor periods of a choice reaction time (CRT) task, which required selection of left or right index finger responses. Both age groups showed significant suppression of CS excitability in the preparatory period. However, suppression was generally less pronounced in older than in young adults. Moreover, our data indicated that a reduced suppression in the right FDI during the preparatory period was associated with longer reaction times (RTs) in older adults only. In the premotor period, both age groups demonstrated comparable facilitation levels towards movement onset. Our findings indicate that increased RTs among older individuals could be directly associated with declines in preparatory processes.

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“…The coil was held tangentially to the subject's head, with the handle pointing occipitally, positioned at 45 degrees with respect to the mid-sagittal axis of the subject's head. This coil orientation elicits the maximal response with a predominant, indirect, pyramidalcells activation (Brasil-Neto, McShane, Fuhr, Hallett, & Cohen, 1992;Mills, Boniface, & Schubert, 1992).…”

Section: Tms Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Release of premotor activity after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of prefrontal cortex

Gangitano

Mottaghy

Pascual‐Leone

2008

Social Neuroscience

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In the present study we aimed to explore by means of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) the reciprocal influences between prefrontal cortex (PFC) and premotor cortex (PMC). Subjects were asked to observe on a computer monitor different pictures representing manipulations of different kind of tools. They had to produce a movement (go condition) or to keep the resting position (no-go condition) at the appearance of different cue signals represented by different colors shown alternatively on the hands manipulating the tools or on the picture background. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were collected at the offset of the visual stimuli before and after a 10 minute, 1 Hz rTMS train applied to the dorsolateral PFC (Experiment 1), to the PMC (Experiment 2) or to the primary motor cortex (Experiment 3). Following rTMS to the PFC, MEPs increased in the go condition when the cue for the go command was presented on the hand. In contrast, following rTMS to the PMC, in the same condition, MEPs were decreased. rTMS to the primary motor cortex did not produce any modulation. Results are discussed according to the presence of a visual-motor matching system in the PMC and to the role of the PFC in the attention-related processes. We hypothesize that the perceptual analysis for action selection within the PFC was modulated by rTMS and its temporary functional inactivation in turn influenced the premotor areas for motor programming

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Magnetic brain stimulation with a double coil: the importance of coil orientation

Cited by 436 publications

References 11 publications

The multiform motor cortical output: Kinematic, predictive and response coding

The multiform motor cortical output: Kinematic, predictive and response coding

Age-related differences in corticospinal excitability during a choice reaction time task

Release of premotor activity after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of prefrontal cortex

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