Magnetic anomalies associated with abundant production of pyrrhotite in a sulfide deposit in the Okinawa Trough, Japan

Abstract

We report here results from a deep‐sea magnetic survey using an autonomous underwater vehicle over the Hakurei hydrothermal site, in the middle Okinawa Trough. Magnetic inversion revealed that the Hakurei site is associated with well‐defined high‐magnetization zones distributed within a broad low‐magnetization zone. Results from rock magnetic measurements, performed on sulfide ore samples obtained by drilling, showed that some samples possessed extremely high natural remanent magnetization (NRM) (as much as 6.8–953.0 A/m), although most of the measured samples had much lower NRM. These high‐NRM samples were characterized by high Königsberger ratios (101−103), indicating much larger NRM than induced magnetization, and contained pyrrhotite as the only magnetic mineral. This suggests that NRM carried by pyrrhotite is the source of the observed magnetic anomalies. The wide range of NRM intensity was considered to be due to a highly heterogeneous distribution of pyrrhotite, because pyrrhotite was commonly identified in both the high‐NRM and low‐NRM samples. Pyrrhotite production may have been occasionally drastically increased, with highly magnetic ores formed as a result. Rapid burial of active vents may result in the creation of an extensive reducing environment under the seafloor, which is favorable to pyrrhotite production, and may also prevent oxidation of pyrrhotite by isolating it from seawater. Because the magnetization intensity of sulfide ores was highly variable, it would not be straightforward to estimate the quantity of ore deposits from the magnetic anomalies. Nevertheless, this study demonstrates the usefulness of magnetic surveys in detecting hydrothermal deposits.

Declination affects geomagnetic field‐modulated geotaxis in fruit flies

“…It varies notably by region across the Earth and, marginally, by the time of day or season, similar to the total intensity and inclination (Courtillot & Le Mouel 1988; Finlay et al 2010; Liboff 2014). Moreover, variation in the degree of declination is substantially enhanced by local magnetic anomalies attributable to natural structures, such as mountains, rocks and volcanic deposits, as well as manmade structures (Finlay et al 2010; Thébault et al 2015; Honsho et al 2016). In contrast to the total intensity or inclination, the potential effect of declination on horizontal magnetic movement has been explored in a few species, including birds, cockroaches and flies (Bazalova et al 2016; Chernetsov et al 2017; Lee et al 2018).…”