Magnetic 3D-Printed Composites—Production and Applications

Ehrmann, Guido; Błachowicz, Tomasz; Ehrmann, Andrea

doi:10.3390/polym14183895

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…FDM, another subset of extrusion-based 3D printing, involves the melting of thermoplastic filament and extruding it layer-wise to create a 3D object [150]. FDM is known for its affordability, ease of use, and versatility, making it a popular choice among researchers and industrialists [151][152][153]. The wide range of material options, including acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), PLA, etc makes it suitable for versatile applications [154].…”

Section: Direct Ink Writingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hard magnetics and soft materials—a synergy

Narayanan,

Pramanik,

Arockiarajan

2024

Smart Mater. Struct.

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Hard-magnetic soft materials (hMSMs) are smart composites that consist of a mechanically soft polymer matrix impregnated with mechanically hard magnetic filler particles. This dual-phase composition renders them with exceptional magneto-mechanical properties that allow them to undergo large reversible deformations under the influence of external magnetic fields. Over the last decade, hMSMs have found extensive applications in soft robotics, adaptive structures, and biomedical devices. However, despite their widespread utility, they pose considerable challenges in fabrication and magneto-mechanical characterization owing to their multi-phase nature, miniature length scales, and nonlinear material behavior. Although noteworthy attempts have been made to understand their coupled nature, the rudimentary concepts of inter-phase interactions that give rise to their mechanical nonlinearity remain insufficiently understood, and this impedes their further advancements. This holistic review addresses these standalone concepts and bridges the gaps by providing a thorough examination of their myriad fabrication techniques, applications, and experimental, and modeling approaches. Specifically, the review presents a wide spectrum of fabrication techniques, ranging from traditional molding to cutting-edge four-dimensional (4D) printing, and their unbounded prospects in diverse fields of research. The review covers various modeling approaches, including continuum mechanical frameworks encompassing phenomenological and homogenization models, as well as microstructural models. Additionally, it addresses emerging techniques like machine learning-based modeling in the context of hMSMs. Finally, the expansive landscape of these promising material systems is provided for a better understanding and prospective research.

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Section: Direct Ink Writingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hard magnetics and soft materials—a synergy

Narayanan,

Pramanik,

Arockiarajan

2024

Smart Mater. Struct.

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“…This section briefly introduces the techniques most often used for polymer-based 3D printing; more detailed descriptions of more additive manufacturing technologies can be found, e.g., in Refs. [1][2][3] One of the most often used 3D printing techniques is FDM printing. Besides high-quality FDM printers, a broad variety of low-cost models from diverse companies exist, normally easy to use and relatively small, making FDM printing also interesting for private use, schools, small companies etc.…”

Section: Polymer-based 3d Printing Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This section briefly introduces the techniques most often used for polymer‐based 3D printing; more detailed descriptions of more additive manufacturing technologies can be found, e.g., in Refs. [ 1–3 ]…”

Section: Polymer‐based 3d Printing Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While additive manufacturing techniques are mostly used for rapid prototyping or rapid manufacturing of objects having specific shapes or fulfilling defined mechanical requirements, nowadays 3D printing methods are extended towards materials with specific physical or chemical properties. 3D printed parts can be used in optics [1] or microfluidics, [2] can have magnetic [3] or conductive [4] and many other properties. While some of these properties can be achieved by adding a small amount of suitable micro-or nanoparticles to the 3D printing polymer, DOI: 10.1002/mame.202200692 conductivity is distinctive since here a certain minimum of conductive material is necessary to form percolation paths inside the material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent Developments in Additive Manufacturing of Conductive Polymer Composites

Błachowicz

Ehrmann²,

Ehrmann

2023

Macro Materials & Eng

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Additive manufacturing, also named 3D printing, can be used to create objects from diverse polymers, metals, and other materials in diverse shapes and dimensions. If special physical or chemical properties are necessitated, using corresponding feedstock enables varying such properties in a broad range. Besides choosing a suitable base material, often composite materials are used for specific applications. Here, an overview of recent developments in 3D printing of polymer composites with conductive properties is given. After a definition of conductivity ranges and the respective potential applications, additive manufacturing methods applicable for these polymer composites as well as potential resistivity or resistance measurement methods are reported. An overview of the most recent reports of 3D printing polymer composites with different conductive fillers is followed by a summary of the applications found in the recent literature.

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“…In the last few years, although the 'marriage' of 3D technology and the production of magnetic composites has already begun [23][24][25], with a lot of groups working on the design and the fabrication of 3D-printed magnetic composite scaffolds [26][27][28][29][30], for biomedical use [31], and more specifically for bone tissue engineering, for targeted drug delivery [32] and magnetic hyperthermia [33,34], either with or without the mixing of MNPs, the need for establishing a composite magnetic 3D-printing filament fabrication protocol seems more demanding than ever. Many groups investigated combinations of magnetic materials [35] with polymer matrixes [36][37][38][39][40][41] to finally construct a respective filament to be used as a source to create 3D-printed polymer magnetic scaffolds [42], but none of them studied the influence of the filament fabrication protocol steps on the final application of the magnetic scaffolds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composite magnetic 3D-printing filament fabrication protocol opens new perspectives in magnetic hyperthermia

Makridis

Okkalidis

Trygoniaris

et al. 2023

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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Three-dimensional printing technology has emerged as a promising tool for meticulously fabricated scaffolds with high precision and accuracy, resulting in intricately detailed biomimetic 3D structures. Producing magnetic scaffolds with the aid of additive processes, known as 3D printing, reveals multitude and state-of-the-art areas of application such as tissue engineering, bone repair and regeneration, drug delivery and magnetic hyperthermia. A crucial first step is the development of innovative polymeric composite magnetic materials. The current work presents a fabrication protocol of 3D printed polymer-bonded magnets using the Fused Deposition Modeling 3D printing method. Polymer-bonded magnets are defined as composites with permanent-magnet powder embedded in a polymer binder matrix. By using a low-cost mixing extruder, four (4) different filament types of 1.75 mm were fabricated using commercial magnetite magnetic nanoparticles mixed with a pure polylactic acid powder (PLA) and a ferromagnetic PLA (Iron particles included) filaments. The powder mixture of the basic filaments was compounded mixed with the nanoparticles, and extruded to fabricate the 3D printing filament, which is subsequently characterized structurally and magnetically before the printing process. Magnetic polymer scaffolds are finally printed using composite filaments of different concentration in magnetite. Our results demonstrate that the heating efficiency (expressed in W/g) of the 3D printed magnetic polymer scaffolds (ranging from 2 to 5.5 W/g at magnetic field intensity of 30 mT and field frequency of 365 kHz) can be tuned by choosing either a magnetic or a non-magnetic filament mixed with an amount of magnetite nanoparticles in different concentrations of 10 or 20 wt %. Our work opens up new perspectives for future research, such as the fabrication of complex structures with suitable ferromagnetic custom-made filaments adjusting the mixing of different filaments for the construction of scaffolds aimed at improving the accuracy of magnetic hyperthermia treatment.

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Magnetic 3D-Printed Composites—Production and Applications

Cited by 17 publications

References 109 publications

Hard magnetics and soft materials—a synergy

Hard magnetics and soft materials—a synergy

Recent Developments in Additive Manufacturing of Conductive Polymer Composites

Composite magnetic 3D-printing filament fabrication protocol opens new perspectives in magnetic hyperthermia

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