Magnesocene‐Based Electrolytes: A New Class of Electrolytes for Magnesium Batteries

Schwarz, Rainer; Pejic, Marijana; Fischer, Philipp; Marinaro, Mario; Jörissen, Ludwig; Wachtler, Mario

doi:10.1002/anie.201606448

Cited by 36 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…[59][60][61] Interestingly,magnesium hexafluorophosphate dissolved in THF/CH 3 CN undergoes reversible magnesium deposition/stripping.H owever, the coulombic efficiencyi se xtremely low,s imilar to Mg-(TFSI) 2 . [65] Themajor drawback for commercial magnesium salts such as Mg(TFSI) 2 or Mg(BH 4 ) 4 is that they are similar in attributes. This corresponds to ad ramatic reduction of the energy density of the battery due to the lower discharge voltage and would make charging impossible due to the lack of 5V electrolytes for magnesium batteries.Inaddition, acoulombic efficiency of 50 %l eads to a9 4% loss of magnesium after 4 cycles.F urthermore,t his electrolyte,s imilar to the MACC based electrolyte requires electrochemical conditioning before deposition and dissolution of magnesium is observed.…”

Section: Commercial Saltsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fervent Hype behind Magnesium Batteries: An Open Call to Synthetic Chemists—Electrolytes and Cathodes Needed

Muldoon¹,

Bucur²,

Gregory³

2017

Angew Chem Int Ed

233

205

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Magnesium metal is a superior anode which has double the volumetric capacity of lithium metal and has a negative reduction potential of -2.37 V vs. the standard hydrogen electrode. A major benefit of magnesium is the apparent lack of dendrite formation during charging which is one of the crucial concerns of using a lithium metal anode. In this Review, we highlight the foremost research in the development of electrolytes and cathodes and discuss some of the significant challenges which must be overcome in realizing a practical magnesium battery.

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Section: Commercial Saltsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mg) and offers no advantage over alkyl Grignards. [65] Themajor drawback for commercial magnesium salts such as Mg(TFSI) 2 or Mg(BH 4 ) 4 is that they are similar in attributes. Asingle magnesium salt is required to be non-corrosive,have both high oxidative stability and high coulombic efficiencyas well as low overpotential.…”

Section: Angewandte Chemiementioning

confidence: 99%

Fervent Hype behind Magnesium Batteries: An Open Call to Synthetic Chemists—Electrolytes and Cathodes Needed

Muldoon¹,

Bucur²,

Gregory³

2017

Angew Chem Int Ed

233

205

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show abstract

“…[206][207][208][209][210] ). Additionally, Mg is the fifth most abundant element on the earth's crust and third most abundant element in seawater, suggesting for its high abundance and low cost.…”

Section: Magnesium Based Anode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low‐Cost Metallic Anode Materials for High Performance Rechargeable Batteries

Wang

Zhang

Lee

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

186

107

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density. Therefore, developing highcapacity anode and cathode materials or new battery systems have drawn extensive attentions. [6,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] Metal anodes, especially those with high-capacity and low-cost are promising alternative anode materials for LIBs in replace of graphite anode. [29][30][31][32][33][34] Generally, the metal anodes electrochemically alloy/ de-alloy with Li + to complete the battery reaction, which can store more energy than the intercalation/deintercalation mechanism in graphite. Table 1 displays the electrochemical properties of typical metallic anodes (Al, Sn, Zn, Mg, Sb, and Bi) with Li and graphite for comparison. While the graphite anodes suffer from low capacity (372 mA h g −1 ) and Li anodes suffer from severe safety issues caused by lithium dendrites, these metal anodes have many advantages in terms of high theoretical capacities, moderate operation potential for less dendrites formation, high abundance and low cost. [35] For example, aluminum has high theoretical capacity (993 mA h g −1 or 1411 mA h cm −3 for LiAl) with moderate potential plateau (≈0.38 V vs Li + /Li). [35,36] Considering both of the capacity increase and voltage drop by using metal anodes in a LIB model, Obrovac et al. calculated the volumetric energy increase in comparison to graphite based commercial battery (Table 1). [37] In such a model, the volumetric energy densities could be increased by different extents ranging from 10-42% when metal anodes were used. It is worth noticing that some recent studies have raised the idea of directly using metal foil as active anode material and simultaneously current collector. [38,39] This strategy can eliminate the usage of binder and conductive carbon black for anode preparation, simplify the battery processing steps, and also increase the loading amount of active materials, thus further enhancing the energy density and reducing the battery prices.While the metal anodes show good potential for application in high-performance LIBs, the main challenge for these metallic anodes is their large volume change caused by lithiation/delithiation process during cycling. [37,40,41] As the lithiation proceeds more deeply, the volume change becomes more severely for alloying anodes. For instance, the volume change of Sn (260%, Li 4.4 Sn) is larger than Al (97%, LiAl). The huge volume change could cause crack and pulverization of metal anodes, resulting in quick capacity decay and short cycling life. [42][43][44][45][46] Besides, metallic anode materials usually exhibited high first-cycle capacity loss due to their high reactivity withThe ever-growing market of portable electronic devices and electric vehicles has significantly stimulated research interests on new-generation rechargeable battery systems with high energy density, satisfying safety and low cost. With unique potentials to achieve high energy density and low cost, rechargeable batteries based on metal anodes are capable of storing more energy via an alloying/de-alloying process, in comparison to tradi...

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“…Magnesocene has also been proven to be capable of Mg plating/striping, but the extremely low conductivity and low-voltage stability hinders a practical application. [77] Recently, Arnold and co-workers reported that magnesium hexafluoroisopropylaluminate Mg[Al(hfip) 4 ) and conductivities (>6 mS/cm). [78] This conductive salt solution was synthesized via a three-step reaction.…”

Section: Electrolytes From Chloride-free Magnesium Saltsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnesium-sulfur battery: its beginning and recent progress

Zhao‐Karger

Fichtner

2017

MRS Communications

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Rechargeable magnesium (Mg) battery has been considered as a promising candidate for future battery generations because of its potential high-energy density, its safety features and low cost. The challenges lying ahead for the realization of Mg battery in general are to develop proper electrolytes fulfilling a multitude of requirements and to discover cathode materials enabling high-energy Mg batteries. The combination of Mg anode with a sulfur cathode is one of the promising electrochemical couples due to its advantages of safety, low costs, and a high theoretical energy density of over 3200 Wh/L. However, the research on magnesium-sulfur (Mg-S) battery is just at its beginning and the development of suitable electrolytes has been the key challenge for further improvement, and, thus, in the focus of recent research. In this review, we highlight the recent progress achieved in Mg electrolytes and Mg-S batteries and discuss the major technical issues, which must be resolved for the improvement of Mg-S batteries.

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Magnesocene‐Based Electrolytes: A New Class of Electrolytes for Magnesium Batteries

Cited by 36 publications

References 25 publications

Fervent Hype behind Magnesium Batteries: An Open Call to Synthetic Chemists—Electrolytes and Cathodes Needed

Fervent Hype behind Magnesium Batteries: An Open Call to Synthetic Chemists—Electrolytes and Cathodes Needed

Low‐Cost Metallic Anode Materials for High Performance Rechargeable Batteries

Magnesium-sulfur battery: its beginning and recent progress

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