Magnesium, vitamin D status and mortality: results from US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001 to 2006 and NHANES III

Abstract

BackgroundMagnesium plays an essential role in the synthesis and metabolism of vitamin D and magnesium supplementation substantially reversed the resistance to vitamin D treatment in patients with magnesium-dependent vitamin-D-resistant rickets. We hypothesized that dietary magnesium alone, particularly its interaction with vitamin D intake, contributes to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels, and the associations between serum 25(OH)D and risk of mortality may be modified by magnesium intake level.MethodsWe tested these novel hypotheses utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001 to 2006, a population-based cross-sectional study, and the NHANES III cohort, a population-based cohort study. Serum 25(OH)D was used to define vitamin D status. Mortality outcomes in the NHANES III cohort were determined by using probabilistic linkage with the National Death Index (NDI).ResultsHigh intake of total, dietary or supplemental magnesium was independently associated with significantly reduced risks of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency respectively. Intake of magnesium significantly interacted with intake of vitamin D in relation to risk of both vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency. Additionally, the inverse association between total magnesium intake and vitamin D insufficiency primarily appeared among populations at high risk of vitamin D insufficiency. Furthermore, the associations of serum 25(OH)D with mortality, particularly due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and colorectal cancer, were modified by magnesium intake, and the inverse associations were primarily present among those with magnesium intake above the median.ConclusionsOur preliminary findings indicate it is possible that magnesium intake alone or its interaction with vitamin D intake may contribute to vitamin D status. The associations between serum 25(OH)D and risk of mortality may be modified by the intake level of magnesium. Future studies, including cohort studies and clinical trials, are necessary to confirm the findings.

Micronutrient Vitamin Deficiencies and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Advancing Current Understanding

“…Studies by Rude et al [171] and Fuss et al [172] showed that high doses of vitamin D alone failed to cause improvement in serum levels of both 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH) 2 D in vitamin D deficiency states until magnesium and vitamin D were co-administered. Administration of high doses of magnesium modified the inverse association of serum 25(OH)D and CVD mortality, according to Rosanoff et al [173], who cited Deng et al [174]. Earlier studies showed that calcium intake affects magnesium retention, and vice versa [175], and that hypomagnesemia is often present with hypocalcemia [171].…”

Dose-response relationship between dietary magnesium intake and cardiovascular mortality: A systematic review and dose-based meta-regression analysis of prospective studies

“…1) [11,12,14,21,[36][37][38][39][40]. These studies were published between 2005 and 2014 and comprised 449,748 individuals and 10,313 CVD deaths (Table 1).…”

“…However, the misclassification would most likely lead to an underestimated association. Third, influence of other nutrients or dietary components such as potassium [39], calcium [12] and vitamin D [37] that are correlated with dietary magnesium could not be excluded; other nutrients may have been responsible for the observed association partly or in whole. Finally, although weighted meta-regression takes account of both within-study variances and the residual between-study heterogeneity (that is, heterogeneity not explained by the covariates in the regression) by adding random effects in the model, it is not reasonable to assume that all of the heterogeneity is explained [32,51].…”

Magnesium bioavailability from mineral waters with different mineralization levels in comparison to bread and a supplement

“…When usual Mg consumption patterns were analyzed, most population groups consumed less than the RDA. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) indicate that in the US 48% of adult males and 46% of adult females do not meet the current dietary recommendation for Mg [12]. However, in Germany Mg is the most supplemented mineral with 59.4%, followed by calcium with 37.0% [13].…”