Magnesium-To-Calcium Ratio in Tap Water, and its Relationship to Geological Features and the Incidence of Calcium-Containing Urinary Stones

Kohri, Kenjiro; Kodama, Masaya; Ishikawa, Yasuaki; Katayama, Yoshikazu; Katoh, Yoshinari; Kataoka, Kiyonori; Iguchi, Masanori; Kurita, Takashi

doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)39054-7

Cited by 22 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Moreover, while the mineral water induced only changes which reduced risk, the same cannot be said for tap water. The finding that the mineral water is superior to tap water may partly be explained in terms of results published by Kohri et al [27] who found that the Mg/Ca ratio in drinking water was negatively correlated with the incidence of urolithia sis. In the present study the values of this ratio were 0.098 and 0.178 for tap and mineral waters, respectively (ta ble 1), suggesting that, on the basis of their study, the min eral water would indeed have a more beneficial stonereducing effect.…”

Section: Effect Of Mineral Water On Urolithiasismentioning

confidence: 92%

Effect of Mineral Water Containing Calcium and Magnesium on Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis Risk Factors

Rodgers¹

1997

Urol Int

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Calcium oxalate kidney stone formers are invariably advised to increase their fluid intake. In addition, magnesium therapy is often administered. Recently, a prospective study showed that a high dietary intake of calcium reduces the risk of symptomatic kidney stones. The present study was performed to test whether simultaneous delivery of these factors – high fluid intake, magnesium ingestion and increased dietary calcium – could reduce the risk of calcium oxalate kidney stone formation. A French mineral water, containing calcium and magnesium (202 and 36 ppm, respectively) was selected as the dietary vehicle. Twenty calcium oxalate stone-forming patients of each sex as well as 20 healthy volunteers of each sex participated in the study. Each subject provided a 24-hour urine collection after ingestion of mineral water over a period of 3 days; after a suitable rest period the protocol was repeated using local tap water (Ca: 13 ppm, Mg: 1 ppm). In addition, 24-hour urines were collected by each subject on their free diets. The entire cycle was repeated at least twice by each subject. Several risk factors (excretion of oxalate; relative supersaturations of calcium oxalate, brushite and uric acid; calcium oxalate metastable limit; oxalate:magnesium ratio and oxalate:metastable limit ratio) were favourably altered by the mineral water and tap water regimens but the former was more effective. In addition, the mineral water protocol produced favourable but unique changes in the excretion of citrate and magnesium as well as in the relative supersaturation of brushite which were not achieved by the tap water regimen. To the contrary, tap water produced an unfavourable change in the magnesium excretion. The group which benefitted most were male stone formers in whom 9 risk factors were favourably altered by the mineral water protocol. It is concluded that mineral water containing calcium and magnesium, such as that used in this study, deserves to be considered as a possible therapeutic or prophylactic agent in calcium oxalate kidney stone disease.

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Section: Effect Of Mineral Water On Urolithiasismentioning

confidence: 92%

Effect of Mineral Water Containing Calcium and Magnesium on Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis Risk Factors

Rodgers¹

1997

Urol Int

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“…Studies on the mineralogy of kidney stones and the crystallization processes are particularly important, in order to understand the possible environmental and metabolic factors cause form kidney stones. Early studies on the urinary calculi problem have highlighted various discoveries on composition, mineralogy, structure, processes of formation and geo-environmental factors that influence the formation of calculi (Ackermann, Baumann, Futterlaib, & Zingg, 1988;Bellizzi et al, 1999;Kohri et al, 1989). Major chemical constituents of calculi are calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate and urites and some of the major minerals are whewhellite, weddelite, apatite, podolite, uricite, and struvite (Nasir, Kassem, El-Sherif, & Fattah, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ratio of Mg and Ca has also shown contrasting relations to urolithiasis. (Kohri et al, 1989(Kohri et al, , 1993. Negative correlations have revealed the importance of intake of Ca for the excretion of excess oxalates (Ackermann et al, 1988;Cauderella, Rizzoli, Buffa, Bottura, & Stefoni, 1998;Guttenbrunner, Gildsdrof, & Hildebrandt, 1989;Marangella, Vitale, Petrarulo, Rovera, & Dutto, 1996;Rodgers, 1997Rodgers, , 1998Sommariva, Rigatti, & Viola, 1987).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomineralogy of human urinary calculi (kidney stones) from some geographic regions of Sri Lanka

Chandrajith

Wijewardana

Dissanayake

et al. 2006

Environ Geochem Health

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Kidney stones (urinary calculi) have become a global scourge since it has been recognized as one of the most painful medical problems. Primary causative factors for the formation of these stones are not clearly understood, though they are suspected to have a direct relationship to the composition of urine, which is mainly governed by diet and drinking water. Sixty nine urinary calculi samples which were collected from stone removal surgeries were analyzed chemically for their Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Pb, Fe and phosphate contents. Structural and mineralogical properties of stones were studied by XRD and FT-IR methods. The mean contents of trace elements were 1348 mg kg(-1) (Na); 294 mg kg(-1) (K); 32% (Ca); 1426 mg kg(-1) (Mg); 8.39 mg kg(-1) (Mn); 258 mg kg(-1) (Fe); 67 mg kg(-1) (Cu); 675 mg kg(-1) (Zn); 69 mg kg(-1) (Pb); and 1.93% (PO (4) (3-) ). The major crystalline constituent in the calculi of Sri Lanka is calcium oxalate monohydrate. Principal component analysis was used to identify the multi element relationships in kidney stones. Three components were extracted and the first component represents positively correlated Na-K-Mg-PO (4) (3-) whereas the second components represent the larger positively weighted Fe-Cu-Pb. Ca-Zn correlated positively in the third component in which Mn-Cu correlated negatively. This study indicates that during the crystallization of human urinary stones, Ca shows more affinity towards oxalates whereas other alkali and alkaline earths precipitate with phosphates.

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“…It has been reported that the recurrence of renal stones increased with the ingestion of hard water [34], and that people who drank water with a low Mg/Ca ratio had a higher incidence of urinary stone disease in Japan [35]. Similarly, Yanagawa et al [36] reported that the patients who drank the well-water, which was similar in content to that in the Japanese study, tended to develop urinary stones, which confirms the finding of Kohri et al [35].As compared with both tap and soft water, hard water was associated with a significant 50% increase of the urinary calcium concentration in the absence of changes of oxalate excretion; the calcium-citrate index revealed a significant threefold increase during ingestion of hard water as compared with respect to soft water, making the latter preferable even when compared with tap water. [37]Study suggests that, intake of soft water is preferable to hard water, since it is associated with a lower risk for recurrence of calcium stones.…”

Section: Type Of Drinking Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Clinical and Chemical Profile of Patients with Urolithiasis in Pune, India

2016

IJSR

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Kidney stones are raising due to rapid industrialization. Stone formation is usually a result of urinary super saturation with the group of biominerals. We have evaluated clinical profile of patient with urolithiasis and analyse chemical composition of stone. We had studied 70 urolithiasis patients at department of general surgery, Bharati Vidyapeeth University Medical College, in Pune city.A male to female's ratio was 1.33:1. Most of patients had pain in left lumbar region (n=33, 47.14%). Radiating back pain to back and groin was observed in 49 patients. Haematuria was the commonest problem in patients (n=38, 54.29%). The most of patients were drinking tap water (n=53, 75.71%). Maximum number of patient were reported for radio opaque shadow in left kidney (n= 21, 30%) and then right kidney (n= 15, 21.43%). We reported high level of serum creatinine, calcium, and phosphorus level than the normal range of parameters. Acinetobacter, Enterococccus species, EscherichiaColi, Gram negative bacilli, Klebsiellapneumonia, Pseudomonas species and Trichosporon species were found in few patients. Calcium oxalate monohydrate content was found 63.99±16.05%. Calcium dihydrate (44.55±6.105%), ammonium urate (28.24±10.74%) and calcium phosphate (47.81±16.63%) were also present in the stone. Dicalciumphosphtate was present in 9 stones and carbon apatite was present in 10 stones. Our study shows the current status of chemical composition of stones in urolithiasis patients. It is important to know the chemical composition of stone as it is useful in advising people for taking preventive measures for reducing the risk of prevalence and recurrence of stone.

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Magnesium-To-Calcium Ratio in Tap Water, and its Relationship to Geological Features and the Incidence of Calcium-Containing Urinary Stones

Cited by 22 publications

References 8 publications

Effect of Mineral Water Containing Calcium and Magnesium on Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis Risk Factors

Effect of Mineral Water Containing Calcium and Magnesium on Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis Risk Factors

Biomineralogy of human urinary calculi (kidney stones) from some geographic regions of Sri Lanka

Evaluation of Clinical and Chemical Profile of Patients with Urolithiasis in Pune, India

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