Magnesium Ions Depolarize the Neuronal Membrane via Quantum Tunneling through the Closed Channels

Qaswal, Abdallah Barjas

doi:10.3390/quantum2010005

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…It suppresses the overall excitability of neurons by decreasing the spontaneous firing rate. In addition, TRPM7 is also an important regulator of cellular Zn 2+ which plays an antioxidant role under stressful conditions 29,30 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Some Ion Channel Expressions in Cochlear Nucleus of Tinnitus Induced Rats

Üstündağ,

Dinç,

Bal

2024

İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi

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Aim: The aim of this study is to gain a better understanding of how certain ion channels play a role in the molecular mechanisms of salicylate- and noise-induced tinnitus. Method: The present study was conducted on thirty-two, 4-month-old, male Wistar Albino rats. Rats were equally divided into four groups; two experimental groups and two control groups. The assessment of tinnitus was based on a behavioral test which was modified from the conditional suppression method. Tinnitus was induced by sodium salicylate administration and noise exposure in rats in which the suppression ratios were zero (0). All animals in both experimental and control groups were decapitated in deep anaesthesia for 2 h after salicylate or saline administration and noise exposure, consecutively. Tissues from the left and right cochlear nucleus were dissected immediately in ice-cold RNA later (Invitrogen). Before reverse transcription, the RNA pools were arranged. Quantitative changes in HCN1, HCN2, HCN4, SCN1A, SCN2A1, SCN3A, TRPM2, TRPM7 and GAPDH mRNA expressions in the cochlear nucleus in both experimental and control groups were examined by quantitative real-time PCR method. Statistical data were analysed using the SPSS 21 program (Version 21.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) with the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: Fold changes in the expression levels of SCNA1, SCN2A1, SCN3A, TRPM2, TRPM7, CACNA1B, HCN1, HCN2 and HCN4 genes in both salicylate-induces tinnitus (SAT) and noise-induced tinnitus (NT) groups compared with the control group. According to these data, it is seen that the mRNA levels of all genes are lower in the cochlear nucleus area of the rats in both SAT and NT groups than in the control group. Considering each of these genes in NT group: SCNA1, SCN3A, TRPM7 genes slightly decreased; SCN2A1, TRPM2, HCN1 and HCN4 genes slightly increased compared with the SAT group. For HCN2 gene fold changes were nearly the same in the NT and SAT groups. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that tinnitus generation may be closely related to alterations in several key ion channel families activity including voltage-gated calcium channels, hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide–gated (HCN) channels, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, voltage-gated sodium channels within the CN, specifically in response to salicylate-induced and noise-induced tinnitus models.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Some Ion Channel Expressions in Cochlear Nucleus of Tinnitus Induced Rats

Üstündağ,

Dinç,

Bal

2024

İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi

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“…However, when an ion with significant quantum conductance is introduced into the biologic environment, the resting membrane potential cannot be calculated by the same equation and further modifications are required to determine the effect of quantum tunneling on the resting membrane potential. The Equations (14)- (18) represent the modified equations required to calculate the membrane voltage at the quantum electrochemical equilibrium.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, as long as the membrane is polarized (negative inside in comparison to the outside) and the hydrophobic gate is located at the intracellular end of the membrane [16,17], the extracellular cations get kinetic energy while passing through the membrane voltage and kinetic energy from the thermal source, but the intracellular cations get kinetic energy only from the thermal source because they will hit the intracellular hydrophobic gate before going through the membrane voltage. Therefore, the kinetic energy of extracellular KE o and intracellular KE i cations can be calculated by the following equations, respectively [18]:…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum Electrochemical Equilibrium: Quantum Version of the Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz Equation

Qaswal

2020

Quantum Reports

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The resting membrane voltage of excitable cells such as neurons and muscle cells is determined by the electrochemical equilibrium of potassium and sodium ions. This voltage is calculated by using the Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz equation. However, from the quantum perspective, ions with significant quantum tunneling through closed channels can interfere with the electrochemical equilibrium and affect the value of the membrane voltage. Hence, in this case the equilibrium becomes quantum electrochemical. Therefore, the model of quantum tunneling of ions is used in this study to modify the Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz equation in such a way to calculate the resting membrane voltage at the point of equilibrium. According to the present calculations, it is found that lithium—with its lower mass—shows a significant depolarizing shift in membrane voltage. In addition to this, when the free gating energy of the closed channels decreases, even sodium and potassium ions depolarize the resting membrane voltage via quantum tunneling. This study proposes the concept of quantum electrochemical equilibrium, at which the electrical potential gradient, the concentration gradient and the quantum gradient (due to quantum tunneling) are balanced. Additionally, this concept may be used to solve many issues and problems in which the quantum behavior becomes more influential.

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“…In this study, the quantum and classical models will be applied on the Nav1.2 sodium channels. These channels have gating charge q g = 9.2e = 9.2 × 1.6 × 10 −19 = 14.72 × 10 −19 C [36], and with half activation voltage V 1/2 = 43 mV [37,38], the gating free energy q g V 1/2 = 6.33 × 10 −20 J [39]. Furthermore, the density of sodium channels D is 5 × 10 13 channels/m 2 [1], and the single channel conductance of sodium channel C sin gle(Na) is 15 × 10 −12 S [1].…”

Section: The Conductance Of the Voltage-gated Sodium Channels According To The Boltzmann Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mathematical Modeling of Ion Quantum Tunneling Reveals Novel Properties of Voltage-Gated Channels and Quantum Aspects of Their Pathophysiology in Excitability-Related Disorders

et al. 2021

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Voltage-gated channels are crucial in action potential initiation and propagation and there are many diseases and disorders related to them. Additionally, the classical mechanics are the main mechanics used to describe the function of the voltage-gated channels and their related abnormalities. However, the quantum mechanics should be considered to unravel new aspects in the voltage-gated channels and resolve the problems and challenges that classical mechanics cannot solve. In the present study, the aim is to mathematically show that quantum mechanics can exhibit a powerful tendency to unveil novel electrical features in voltage-gated channels and be used as a promising tool to solve the problems and challenges in the pathophysiology of excitability-related diseases. The model of quantum tunneling of ions through the intracellular hydrophobic gate is used to evaluate the influence of membrane potential and gating free energy on the tunneling probability, single channel conductance, and quantum membrane conductance. This evaluation is mainly based on graphing the mathematical relationships between these variables. The obtained mathematical graphs showed that ions can achieve significant quantum membrane conductance, which can affect the resting membrane potential and the excitability of cells. In the present work, quantum mechanics reveals original electrical properties associated with voltage-gated channels and introduces new insights and implications into the pathophysiology of excitability- related disorders. In addition, the present work sets a mathematical and theoretical framework that can be utilized to conduct experimental studies in order to explore the quantum aspects of voltage-gated channels and the quantum bioelectrical property of biological membranes.

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Magnesium Ions Depolarize the Neuronal Membrane via Quantum Tunneling through the Closed Channels

Cited by 9 publications

References 23 publications

Investigation of Some Ion Channel Expressions in Cochlear Nucleus of Tinnitus Induced Rats

Investigation of Some Ion Channel Expressions in Cochlear Nucleus of Tinnitus Induced Rats

Quantum Electrochemical Equilibrium: Quantum Version of the Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz Equation

Mathematical Modeling of Ion Quantum Tunneling Reveals Novel Properties of Voltage-Gated Channels and Quantum Aspects of Their Pathophysiology in Excitability-Related Disorders

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