Magnesium in Prevention and Therapy

Abstract

Magnesium is the fourth most abundant mineral in the body. It has been recognized as a cofactor for more than 300 enzymatic reactions, where it is crucial for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) metabolism. Magnesium is required for DNA and RNA synthesis, reproduction, and protein synthesis. Moreover, magnesium is essential for the regulation of muscular contraction, blood pressure, insulin metabolism, cardiac excitability, vasomotor tone, nerve transmission and neuromuscular conduction. Imbalances in magnesium status—primarily hypomagnesemia as it is seen more common than hypermagnesemia—might result in unwanted neuromuscular, cardiac or nervous disorders. Based on magnesium’s many functions within the human body, it plays an important role in prevention and treatment of many diseases. Low levels of magnesium have been associated with a number of chronic diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease (e.g., stroke), migraine headaches, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Investigating Cellular Nanoscale with X-rays

“…Thus in cells, where the average potassium 118 Chapter 7. Conclusion ion concentration is about 140 mM [192] and the average magnesium concentration ranges from 0.05 to 1 mM [193,194], we can expect the head and tail domains to have a radius of 3 nm or larger. Furthermore, the concentration of ions in cells can have locally higher values thus leading to more accumulation in the head and tail domains and a greater effect on keratin filaments, bundles and networks.…”

“…They also correspond to the intracellular concentrations of 140 mM for potassium ions [192]. And in the case of magnesium ions, the intracellular concentration depends on the cell type and ranges from 0.05 to 1 mM [193,194].…”

Is the Renoprotective Effect of SGLT2 Inhibitors due to their Beneficial Effect on Hypomagnesemia?

“…Mg exerts favorable effects on the cardiovascular (CV) system, including an anti-inflammatory effect on the vascular endothelium and smooth muscle, vascular relaxant activity, and sympatholytic activity [2]. Of the total Mg content of the body, 99% is present within the cells, and only 1% is present outside cells.…”

“…In addition, animal experiments have shown that hypomagnesemia causes reduced cardiac function [7]. Furthermore, hypomagnesemia has been reported to increase platelet aggregation, thereby facilitating thrombus formation, and to enhance coronary artery constriction, thereby increasing the risk of development of myocardial infarction [2].…”

Evaluation of Physicochemical, Thermal, Structural, and Behavioral Properties of Magnesium Gluconate Treated with Energy of Consciousness (The Trivedi Effect<sup>®</sup>)

“…Hence, magnesium ion is an essential mineral element in human and animal nutrition. It is also used as a metallotherapeutic agent to treat various diseases such as asthma, arrhythmias, acute myocardial infarction, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia and eclampsia [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Perioperative magnesium supplementation is found to be very useful in the management of postoperative pain by inhibiting postoperative hypomagnesia as well as reducing the incidence of postoperative shivering [8,9].…”