Magnesium and Vitamin D Supplementation on Exercise Performance

Abstract

INTRODUCTION MagnesiumMagnesium is the fourth most abundant mineral and the second most abundant intracellular cation in the body, contributing to over 300 metabolic reactions (1). This essential nutrient is involved in the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, proper bone development, maintenance of electrolyte balance and mineral homeostasis, as well as oxidative, immune, and neuromuscular functions (2). The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for magnesium in individuals, 14 yr of age and older, is between 310 and 420 milligrams per day (mg•d −1 ); but magnesium intake is reportedly suboptimal in most populations (3). Individuals with serum magnesium concentrations greater than 0.85 mmol•L −1 are likely to have adequate magnesium status, whereas individuals with serum magnesium concentrations around or below 0.75 mmol•L −1 are most likely to have a magnesium deficiency (4). A low serum magnesium concentration is associated with various chronic diseases (e.g., hypertension, cardiovascular disease, etc.), and research has shown that adequate magnesium intake has a potential therapeutic role in improving glucose and insulin metabolism. Furthermore, magnesium has been shown to treat severe asthma and migraines and assist in alleviating muscle cramps (5,6). It is currently estimated that 45% of adults from the United States are magnesium deficient, and 22% of international athletes are also clinically deficient (7,8). Magnesium contributes to the maintenance of muscle function and blood glucose concentrations, while also promoting calcium absorption. The increased importance of these functions in athletes advances the idea that magnesium, like other minerals, may exert an ergogenic effect, specifically in individuals with low serum magnesium concentrations (1,9,10). Vitamin DVitamin D is a lipid-soluble vitamin that is essential to muscle growth, cell differentiation, and bone mineralization (11,12).

Micronutrient supplement intakes among collegiate and masters athletes: A cross-sectional study

“…Volpe ( 38 ) stated that the majority of athletes are not meeting the RDA for magnesium. Further, Hunt et al ( 39 ) reported that, although there is a high rate of magnesium supplement use among athletes, magnesium intakes are still inadequate to meet the average requirement.…”

Exploring the Relationship between Micronutrients and Athletic Performance: A Comprehensive Scientific Systematic Review of the Literature in Sports Medicine

“…Magnesium helps to improve energy levels by raising the ATP availability, which is best defined as the gold energy stores of cells [ 283 ]. Deficiency may cause ATP levels to be depleted, resulting in fatigue and overall reduced performance [ 34 ]. The regular consumption of Mg can improve ATP production, providing athletes with increased energy and improved endurance [ 295 ].…”

“…Low Mg levels may cause ineffective energy metabolism and decreased endurance in individuals who are engaged in a weight training program [ 294 ]. Higher Mg consumption is linked to enhanced cardiorespiratory function and lower oxygen demand during aerobic exercise [ 34 ]. Most studies reported little impact of 500 mg/day Mg on exercise performance in athletes, unless there is a deficit [ 37 , 142 , 296 ].…”

“…Oxygen-carrying capacity and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation activity, which is determined by the hemoglobin mass, skeletal muscle, and maximal oxygen consumption [15] Iron deficiency, whether combined with anemia or not, can lead to muscle impaired function and limited endurance capacity, which affect athletic performance and training adaptation negatively [31]. Calcium (Ca) 1500 mg [32,33] Dairy products, sardines and salmon, kale, broccoli [34] • Since calcium ion could move through and out of a cell's cytoplasm, it has an essential role in signaling for various process in the cell, including muscle contraction, exocytosis, proliferation of action potentials through cardiac muscle, and neurotransmitter release [35] Calcium plays a crucial role in maintenance, growth regulating muscle contraction, normal blood clotting, and the conduction of nerve and bone tissue repair. The possibility of stress fracture and low bone-mineral density is elevated by low available levels of energy.…”