Magnéli Ti 4 O 7 modified ceramic membrane for electrically-assisted filtration with antifouling property

Different Reactivity of Rutile and Anatase TiO2 Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Surface States of Nanoparticles of Mixed‐Valence Magnéli Oxides

“…Although the XPS measurementsw ere performed on ap owder deposited on as ubstrate, [26] one can proposeasimple three-layer modelo ft he depth profile of the Ti oxidations tate based on the three depthsp robedb yX PS (Figure 7). Ti 3 + present at the surfaceofT i 4 O 7 and Ti 6 O 11 ensures charge transfer during interfacial eventso ccurring in thermoelectric energy conversion, [18] electrochemical water remediation [12,13] and charge storage. Ti 3 + present at the surfaceofT i 4 O 7 and Ti 6 O 11 ensures charge transfer during interfacial eventso ccurring in thermoelectric energy conversion, [18] electrochemical water remediation [12,13] and charge storage.…”

“…The first pathway relies on carbothermal reduction of TiO 2 at about 800-1100 8C. [3,4,6,11,13] In this route, crystal growth is difficult to restrain andl eads to materials with submicrometer length scale. [5,7,8,[18][19][20][21] These residues confine the oxide during the transformation of TiO 2 into MagnØli phases and enable recovery of nanostructured materials.…”

“…It unavoidably produces carbon residues, which accountf or about 2-20 wt %o ft he products. [6,11,13] Attempts to limit grain growth by silica templating [3,4,15] encountered only limited success, leading mostly to 100-300nms pheres [3,4] after dissolution of the silica coating. However,c arbonaceous moieties are present at the surface of the MagnØli material.…”

“…Titanium oxides Ti n O 2nÀ1 (4 n 10), so-called titanium MagnØli phases,w ere discovered in the 1950s [1] and since the 2010s have experiencedarenewal of interesto wing to their high conductivity and good stability,r elatedt ot he mixed Ti 4 + /Ti 3 + valences and to their oxidic nature,r espectively.T hese properties have prompted studies on MagnØli phases in recenty ears as conductive scaffolds for use under harsh conditions as cathodes for aprotic lithium-air [2][3][4] and lithium-sulfur batteries, [5][6][7][8] anodesf or alcohol oxidation, [9,10] microbial fuel cells, [11] and water remediation membranes. [12,13] Superconductivity has also been recently evidenced in an epitaxially grown MagnØli phase. [14] Most of these studies not only benefitf rom the con-ductivity of MagnØli phases, especially metallic Ti 4 O 7 ,t hey also rely on their surface properties.…”

“…[3,4,6,11,13] In this route, crystal growth is difficult to restrain andl eads to materials with submicrometer length scale. [6,11,13] Attempts to limit grain growth by silica templating [3,4,15] encountered only limited success, leading mostly to 100-300nms pheres [3,4] after dissolution of the silica coating. Herein,w ep ropose an alternative methodt op roduce carbon-free MagnØli nanoparticles ( Figure 1) by reduction of a low-costc ommercial TiO 2 product, so-called P25, am ixture of nanoparticles of anatase and rutile TiO 2 polymorphs.…”