Magma Flow Patterns in Dikes: Observations From Analogue Experiments

Abstract

We conducted analogue experiments to examine flux‐driven and buoyancy‐driven magma ascent, which included a series of isothermal experiments and thermal, solidification‐prone experiments. We measured the internal flow using 2D particle image velocimetry, which indicates that buoyancy has a strong control on the flow pattern of isothermal dikes. Dikes that are not buoyant (likely driven by source pressure) take on a circulating pattern, while buoyant dikes assume an ascending flow pattern. Solidification modifies the flow field so that flow is confined to the dike's upper head region. The lower tail becomes mostly solidified, with a narrow conduit connecting the source to the head. We interpret that this conduit acts as a high velocity point source to the head, promoting a circulating flow pattern, even as the dike becomes buoyant. We then perform particle tracking velocimetry on several particles to illustrate the complexity of their paths. In a circulating flow pattern, particles rise to the top of the dike, descend near the lateral edge, and then are drawn back into the upward flow. In an ascending pattern, particles ascend slightly faster than the propagation velocity, and therefore are pushed to the side as they approach the upper tip. In erupting dikes, particles simply flow to the vent. In the context of crystal growth in magmatic dikes, these results suggest that crystal growth patterns (e.g., normal or oscillatory zoning) can reflect the magma flow pattern, and potentially the driving forces.

Dynamics of magmatic intrusion: what can we learn from the comparison of analog and numerical models?

“…Yet a fundamental parameter for a magmatic intrusion is its propagation velocity. A compelling asset of laboratory experiments using gelatin as host material is its transparency, which allows for the direct observation of the injected fluids and their flow patterns [Kavanagh et al 2018a;Williams et al 2022;Pansino et al 2023], along with crack propagation velocities [Takada 1990;Heimpel and Olson 1994;Rivalta et al 2005;Rivalta and Dahm 2006;Taisne and Jaupart 2011;Pinel et al 2022]. Several studies have focused on the velocity of air-filled cracks [e.g.…”