Magical Mushrooms, Mischievous Molds

Hudler, George W.

doi:10.1515/9780691207230

Cited by 48 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…Grass-associated fungi (grass symbionts) of the family Clavicipitaceae have had a significant impact on human civilization for thousands of years . The best-documented case is that of Claviceps purpurea (ergot), the causal agent of ergotism, which is expressed in the form of numerous human maladies including gangrene, convulsions and seizures, hallucinations and hysteria, and susceptibility to other diseases (Matossian 1989;Hudler 1998). The physiological and psychoactive effects of Cl.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2001). It is hypothesized that psychoactive side effects from ingesting ergot alkaloids were connected with early biblical events, played an important ceremonial role in ancient Greece, and were partially responsible for the 16th and 17th century witch trials in both Europe and colonial America (Matossian 1989;Hudler 1998;White et al . 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phylogenetic evidence for an animal pathogen origin of ergot and the grass endophytes

et al. 2007

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Grass-associated fungi (grass symbionts) in the family Clavicipitaceae (Ascomycota, Hypocreales) are species whose host range is restricted to the plant family Poaceae and rarely Cyperaceae. The best-characterized species include Claviceps purpurea (ergot of rye) and Neotyphodium coenophialum (endophyte of tall fescue). They have been the focus of considerable research due to their importance in agricultural and grassland ecosystems and the diversity of their bioactive secondary metabolites. Here we show through multigene phylogenetic analyses and ancestral character state reconstruction that the grass symbionts in Clavicipitaceae are a derived group that originated from an animal pathogen through a dynamic process of interkingdom host jumping. The closest relatives of the grass symbionts include the genera Hypocrella, a pathogen of scale insects and white flies, and Metarhizium, a generalist arthropod pathogen. These data do not support the monophyly of Clavicipitaceae, but place it as part of a larger clade that includes Hypocreaceae, a family that contains mainly parasites of other fungi. A minimum of 5-8 independent and unidirectional interkingdom host jumps has occurred among clavicipitaceous fungi, including 3-5 to fungi, 1-2 to animals, and 1 to plants. These findings provide a new evolutionary context for studying the biology of the grass symbionts, their role in plant ecology, and the evolution of host affiliation in fungal symbioses.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic evidence for an animal pathogen origin of ergot and the grass endophytes

et al. 2007

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“…The infection results in a replacement of the grass floral tissue with fungal mycelium that grows to form a darkly pigmented survival structure called a sclerotium (Alexopolous et al 1996). Sclerotia of C. purpurea contain potent alkaloids that are toxic to humans and other animals (Hudler 1998). This has been important during human history because sclerotia have been unwittingly mixed with grain and the fungal toxins have contaminated bread flour.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This has been important during human history because sclerotia have been unwittingly mixed with grain and the fungal toxins have contaminated bread flour. The consumption of bread tainted with C. purpurea causes the debilitating disease known as 'Holy Fire' or 'St Anothony's Fire', which includes a range of symptoms such as itching, headache, hallucinations, gangrene, seizures and even death (Hudler 1998). Despite the negative impacts of C. purpurea alkaloids, interesting and beneficial chemical compounds have also been derived from these fungi, including the infamous lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and pharmaceuticals used to treat both postpartum bleeding and migraine headaches (Rehacek & Sajdl 1993;Hart 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multigene analysis suggests ecological speciation in the fungal pathogen Claviceps purpurea

et al. 2008

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Claviceps purpurea is an important pathogen of grasses and source of novel chemical compounds. Three groups within this species (G1, G2, and G3) have been recognized based on habitat association, sclerotia and conidia morphology, and alkaloid production. These groups have further been supported by RAPD and AFLP markers, suggesting this species may be more accurately described as a species complex. However, all divergent ecotypes can coexist in sympatric populations with no obvious physical barriers to prevent gene flow. In this study, we used both phylogenetic and population genetic analyses to test for speciation within C. purpurea using DNA sequences from ITS, a RASlike locus, and a portion of beta-tubulin. The G1 types are significantly divergent from the G2/G3 types based on each of the three loci and the combined dataset, whereas the G2/G3 types are more integrated with one another. Although the G2 and G3 lineages have not diverged as much as the G1 lineage based on DNA sequence data, the use of three DNA loci does reliably separate the G2 and G3 lineages. However, the population genetic analyses strongly suggest little to no gene flow occurring between the different ecotypes and we argue that this process is driven by adaptations to ecological habitats; G1 isolates are associated with terrestrial grasses, G2 isolates are found in wet and shady environments, and G3 isolates are found in salt marsh habitats.

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“…Aflatoxins are naturally occurring mycotoxins that are produced by many species of Aspergillus. Aflatoxins are toxic, and among the mycotoxins are the most carcinogenic substances known (Hudler, 1998). After entering the body, aflatoxins may be metabolized by the liver to a reactive epoxide intermediate (e.g., or hydrolyzed, to the less harmful aflatoxin M1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of aflatoxin Bâ‚ (AFBâ‚) on hepatic gene expression in pigs and turkeys

Murarolli¹

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My special thanks to my wife and best friend Marina S. Murarolli who gave me all the support and love during happy and hard times, always been by my side, helping me to make decisions. I also would like to thank my parents, Airton and Neide, for all the love and always supporting all my decisions. My brother, Vinicius, and my sister, Flaveli, for the love and friendship. My parents-in-law, Vera and Tomas, and my sister-inlaw, Marcela, always helping and advising us with their experience.Thanks to all my Brazilian friends, who makes me feel at home

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Magical Mushrooms, Mischievous Molds

Cited by 48 publications

References 0 publications

Phylogenetic evidence for an animal pathogen origin of ergot and the grass endophytes

Phylogenetic evidence for an animal pathogen origin of ergot and the grass endophytes

Multigene analysis suggests ecological speciation in the fungal pathogen Claviceps purpurea

Effects of aflatoxin Bâ‚ (AFBâ‚) on hepatic gene expression in pigs and turkeys

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Magical Mushrooms, Mischievous Molds

Cited by 48 publications

References 0 publications

Phylogenetic evidence for an animal pathogen origin of ergot and the grass endophytes

Phylogenetic evidence for an animal pathogen origin of ergot and the grass endophytes

Multigene analysis suggests ecological speciation in the fungal pathogen Claviceps purpurea

Effects of aflatoxin Bâ‚ (AFBâ‚) on hepatic gene expression in pigs and turkeys

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Effects of aflatoxin Bâ‚ (AFBâ‚) on hepatic gene expression in pigs and turkeys