Maculopapular lesions in the Central African Republic

Berthet, Nicolás; Nakouné, Emmanuel; Whist, Eline; Sélékon, Benjamin; Burguière, Ana-Maria; Manuguerra, Jean-Claude; Gessain, Antoine; Kazanji, Mirdad

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61142-2

Cited by 68 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 5 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…The disease developed after hunting and eating a wild rodent ( bemba ). The isolated strain was identical to the one associated with an outbreak in 2001 on the border between the CAR and the DRC ( 36 ).…”

Section: Outbreaks Of Monkeypox In Humansmentioning

confidence: 57%

Emergence of Monkeypox as the Most Important Orthopoxvirus Infection in Humans

Sklenovská

Ranst

2018

Front. Public Health

485

579

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Monkeypox is an emerging zoonotic disease recognized as the most important orthopoxvirus infection in humans in the smallpox post-eradication era. The clinical presentation of monkeypox is similar to the one of smallpox. The case fatality rate of monkeypox (10%) lies between the case fatality rate of variola major (30%) and variola minor (1%). The disease is endemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, but other countries of Central and West Africa either reported cases of monkeypox in humans or circulation in wildlife. The disease was also imported once into the USA. The disease has always been considered rare and self-limiting, however recent sporadic reports suggest otherwise. Unfortunately, the collected data is limited, dispersed and often incomplete. Therefore, the objective of this review is to trace all reported human monkeypox outbreaks and relevant epidemiological information. The frequency and geographical spread of human monkeypox cases have increased in recent years, and there are huge gaps in our understanding of the disease's emergence, epidemiology, and ecology. The monkeypox virus is considered a high threat pathogen causing a disease of public health importance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to focus on building surveillance capacities which will provide valuable information for designing appropriate prevention, preparedness and response activities.

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Section: Outbreaks Of Monkeypox In Humansmentioning

confidence: 57%

Emergence of Monkeypox as the Most Important Orthopoxvirus Infection in Humans

Sklenovská

Ranst

2018

Front. Public Health

485

579

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“…2,29,30 This waning population immunity against orthopoxviruses could facilitate the emergence of non–variola virus orthopoxviruses such as monkeypox virus. 3,4,22,25,30,31 It is possible that vaccination against smallpox confers protection against this virus as well, since both of the index patients had a humoral response with antibodies known to cross-react against other members of this genus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Infection with a Zoonotic Orthopoxvirus in the Country of Georgia

Vora

Liu²,

Geleishvili

et al. 2015

N Engl J Med

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Summary During 2013, cutaneous lesions developed in two men in the country of Georgia after they were exposed to ill cows. The men had never received vaccination against smallpox. Tests of lesion material with the use of a quantitative real-time polymerase-chain-reaction assay for non–variola virus orthopoxviruses were positive, and DNA sequence analysis implicated a novel orthopoxvirus species. During the ensuing epidemiologic investigation, no additional human cases were identified. However, serologic evidence of exposure to an orthopoxvirus was detected in cows in the patients’ herd and in captured rodents and shrews. A third case of human infection that occurred in 2010 was diagnosed retrospectively during testing of archived specimens that were originally submitted for tests to detect anthrax. Orthopoxvirus infection should be considered in persons in whom cutaneous lesions develop after contact with animals.

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“…Indeed, prior to the eradication of smallpox, the existence of MPXV was unknown and it is likely that many cases of human MPX were reported as smallpox. Cases of human MPX are increasing in Africa, this may be due to several factors: 1) increasing interactions between humans and infected animals through environmental degradation; 2) the cessation of routine vaccination against smallpox; 3) an increase in human susceptibility to the virus; 4) an increase in animal-human and human-human transmissibility of the virus; and 5) adaption of the virus to new host species that co-exist in, or close to, human geographical regions [2,[14][15][16][17][18]. The high mortality rate and morbidity rate of MPXV in humans makes it an important emerging disease for study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

BoHV-4-Based Vector Single Heterologous Antigen Delivery Protects STAT1(-/-) Mice from Monkeypoxvirus Lethal Challenge

et al. 2015

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Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is the etiological agent of human (MPX). It is an emerging orthopoxvirus zoonosis in the tropical rain forest of Africa and is endemic in the Congo-basin and sporadic in West Africa; it remains a tropical neglected disease of persons in impoverished rural areas. Interaction of the human population with wildlife increases human infection with MPX virus (MPXV), and infection from human to human is possible. Smallpox vaccination provides good cross-protection against MPX; however, the vaccination campaign ended in Africa in 1980, meaning that a large proportion of the population is currently unprotected against MPXV infection. Disease control hinges on deterring zoonotic exposure to the virus and, barring that, interrupting person-to-person spread. However, there are no FDA-approved therapies against MPX, and current vaccines are limited due to safety concerns. For this reason, new studies on pathogenesis, prophylaxis and therapeutics are still of great interest, not only for the scientific community but also for the governments concerned that MPXV could be used as a bioterror agent. In the present study, a new vaccination strategy approach based on three recombinant bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) vectors, each expressing different MPXV glycoproteins, A29L, M1R and B6R were investigated in terms of protection from a lethal MPXV challenge in STAT1 knockout mice. BoHV-4-A-CMV-A29LgD106ΔTK, BoHV-4-A-EF1α-M1RgD106ΔTK and BoHV-4-A-EF1α-B6RgD106ΔTK were successfully constructed by recombineering, and their capacity to express their transgene was demonstrated. A small challenge study was performed, and all three recombinant BoHV-4 appeared safe (no weight-loss or obvious adverse events) following intraperitoneal administration. Further, BoHV-4-A-EF1α-M1RgD106ΔTK alone or in combination with BoHV-4-A-CMV-A29LgD106ΔTK and BoHV-4-A-EF1α-B6RgD106ΔTK, was shown to be able to protect, 100% alone and 80% in combination, STAT1(-/-) mice against mortality and morbidity. This work demonstrated the efficacy of BoHV-4 based vectors and the use of BoHV-4 as a vaccine-vector platform.

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Maculopapular lesions in the Central African Republic

Cited by 68 publications

References 5 publications

Emergence of Monkeypox as the Most Important Orthopoxvirus Infection in Humans

Emergence of Monkeypox as the Most Important Orthopoxvirus Infection in Humans

Human Infection with a Zoonotic Orthopoxvirus in the Country of Georgia

BoHV-4-Based Vector Single Heterologous Antigen Delivery Protects STAT1(-/-) Mice from Monkeypoxvirus Lethal Challenge

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