MACS‐II: does coping enhance subjective control over psychotic symptoms?

Bak, Maarten; Spil, Farida Van Der; Günther, Nicole; Radstake, S.; Delespaul, Philippe; Os, Jim van

doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.00325.x

Cited by 33 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In the current study, it was hypothesized that (i) MACS-24 would show associations between distress, coping and perceived control comparable to those described for MACS-13 and (ii) symptomatic coping behaviour would be negatively associated with perceived control as described earlier, whereas the other coping domains would display positive associations with perceived control (Bak et al, 2003;Bak et al, 2001b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…The other four coping domains, however, were positively associated with perceived control, i.e. can be considered as effective strategies (Bak et al, 2003;Bak et al, 2001b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…On a behavioural level, perceived control may be a corollary of emotion regulation, executive functions, and social cognition (Declerck et al, 2006). Previous work has shown that symptomatic coping was negatively associated with perceived control over psychotic experiences and also with an increase in risk of transition from prodromal to clinical state (Bak et al, 2003;Bak et al, 2001b). The other four coping domains, however, were positively associated with perceived control, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Capturing coping with symptoms in people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia: introducing the MACS‐24

Bak

Delespaul

Krabbendam

et al. 2009

Int J Methods Psych Res

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In order to assess coping with psychotic symptoms, the Maastricht Assessment of Coping Strategies (MACS), 24 symptom version, was developed as a refinement of the previous MACS-13. Associations between type of coping and the experienced level of control over psychotic symptoms were examined using MACS-24.MACS-24 was administered to 32 individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. For each of 24 symptoms, experience of distress, type of coping and the resulting degree of perceived control were assessed. Coping types were reduced to two contrasting coping factors: symptomatic coping and non-symptomatic coping (combining active problem solving, passive illness behaviour, active problem avoiding, and passive problem avoiding).Mean level of distress and perceived control (range: 1-7) were, respectively, 4.2 [standard deviation (SD) = 1.9] and 4.2 (SD = 1.9). The association between distress and perceived control was negative [beta = -0.28; 95% confidence interval (95%CI) = -0.41 to -0.15]. Type of coping interacted with perceived control (p = 0.005), in that symptomatic coping was negatively associated with perceived control [odds ratio (OR) over seven levels = 0.82, 95%CI = 0.71-0.94], whereas for non-symptomatic coping a positive association was apparent (OR over seven levels = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.03-1.19).Previous contrasts between symptomatic and non-symptomatic coping were replicated using MACS-24, suggesting clinical validity and utility.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…The other four coping domains, however, were positively associated with perceived control, i.e. can be considered as effective strategies (Bak et al, 2003;Bak et al, 2001b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Capturing coping with symptoms in people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia: introducing the MACS‐24

Bak

Delespaul

Krabbendam

et al. 2009

Int J Methods Psych Res

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“…These findings suggest that patients' diagnoses should be taken into consideration when evaluating the self-generated coping strategies they use to deal with delusions. Previous studies have demonstrated that symptomatic coping is the most used strategy in schizophrenic patients [6,17,32,33]. This type of coping strategy is also associated with less control over psychotic symptoms [33].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have demonstrated that symptomatic coping is the most used strategy in schizophrenic patients [6,17,32,33]. This type of coping strategy is also associated with less control over psychotic symptoms [33]. Bak et al [32] demonstrated that the use of symptomatic coping distinguishes psychotic patients with the need for medical care from those without this need.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coping with Delusions in Schizophrenia and Affective Disorder with Psychotic Symptoms: The Relationship between Coping Strategies and Dimensions of Delusion

et al. 2014

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Background: Self-generated coping strategies and the enhancement of coping strategies are effective in the treatment of psychotic symptoms. Evaluating these strategies can be of clinical interest to develop better coping enhancement therapies. Cognitive models consider delusions as multidimensional phenomena. Using a psychometric approach, the relationship between coping and the dimensions of delusion were examined. Methods: Thirty schizophrenia spectrum patients with delusions and 29 patients with affective disorder with psychotic symptoms were interviewed using the Heidelberg Coping Scales for Delusions and the Heidelberg Profile of Delusional Experience. Analyses of variance were conducted to investigate differences between the groups, and Spearman's rank-based correlations were used to examine the correlations between coping factors and the dimensions of delusion. Results: Schizophrenia spectrum patients used more medical care and symptomatic coping, whereas patients with affective disorder engaged in more depressive coping. In the schizophrenia spectrum sample, the action-oriented, the cognitive, and the emotional dimensions of delusion were related to coping factors. In patients with affective disorder, only the action-oriented dimension was related to coping factors. Conclusion: Patients with schizophrenia and affective disorder cope differently with delusions. The dimensions of delusion are related to coping and should be regarded when using cognitive therapy approaches to enhance coping strategies.

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Formation of delusional ideation in adolescents hearing voices: A prospective study

Escher

Romme²,

Buiks

et al. 2002

Am. J. Med. Genet.

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Previous work suggests that auditory hallucinations in children and adolescents occur frequently in the absence of psychotic illness, although a number of such children go on to develop more severe psychotic symptomatology and need for care. We examined prospectively what factors are associated with formation of delusions in adolescents who are hearing voices. Eighty adolescents (mean age 12.9 years, SD = 3.1) who reported hearing voices were examined at baseline and followed-up three times over a period of 3 years. Fifty percent were receiving professional care, but 50% were not in need of care. Baseline measurement of voice appraisals, attributions, psychopathology, global functioning, dissociation, stressful life events, coping mechanisms, and receipt of professional care were used as predictors of delusion formation, measured as a score of 6 or greater on the extended BPRS items: "suspiciousness," "unusual thought content" and "grandiosity." Thirteen children (16%) displayed evidence of delusional ideation over at least one of the three follow-up periods, of which seven (9%) de novo. Adjusting for presence of baseline delusional ideation, delusion formation over the follow-up period was associated with baseline voice appraisals and attributions such as tone of the voice (hazard ratio voice "variably friendly and hostile" compared to "always friendly": HR = 6.8, 95% CI: 1.1, 41.0), perceived location of the voice (outside vs. inside head: HR = 2.9, 95% CI: 1.0, 8.7), and whether the voice resembled that of a parent (HR = 3.5, 95% CI: 1.0, 12.0); baseline BPRS anxiety/depression (HR = 6.4, 95% CI: 1.9, 21.4), baseline BPRS disorganization (HR = 5.0, 95% CI: 0.98, 26.1) and the baseline amount of reported recent stressful life events (HR continuous life events score: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.0, 3.3). In addition, in older children, the perceived influence of the voices on emotions and behavior was strongly associated with delusion formation (HR = 5.1, 95% CI: 1.0, 25.9). Delusion formation in children hearing voices may be responsive to triggering events and facilitated by feelings of anxiety/depression. The results also highlight the role of attributions associated with external sources, authority figures, perceived influence or "power" over the person, as well as emotional appraisal processes and cognitive disorganization.

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MACS‐II: does coping enhance subjective control over psychotic symptoms?

Abstract: Coping strategies differ in the degree and direction of associated subjective control, and symptoms differ in the degree with which coping is mobilized. Assessment of coping strategies may be useful as a prelude to psychological therapy.

Cited by 33 publications

References 29 publications

Capturing coping with symptoms in people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia: introducing the MACS‐24

Capturing coping with symptoms in people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia: introducing the MACS‐24

Coping with Delusions in Schizophrenia and Affective Disorder with Psychotic Symptoms: The Relationship between Coping Strategies and Dimensions of Delusion

Formation of delusional ideation in adolescents hearing voices: A prospective study

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