Macroscopic characterization of materials using microwave measurement methods — A survey

You, Kok Yeow; Esa, Fahmiruddin; Abbas, Zulkifly

doi:10.1109/piers-fall.2017.8293135

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…A flowchart on the parameter retrieval process is summarised in Figure 3. The reflection coefficient Г is solved (fulfiling the condition |Г| < 1) using ( 13) and ( 14) before obtaining the transmission coefficient Т using (15).…”

Section: Microwave Materials Characterisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electromagnetic wave propagation through composite building materials in urban environments at mid‐band 5G frequencies

Sum

Soong

et al. 2022

IET Microwaves Antenna & Prop

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In an urban built city environment, the performance of electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation through building materials poses a new set of challenges to radio frequency engineers in the prediction of the 5G‐network coverage planning. We propose the prospects on the use of composite building materials enhanced with different volumetric fractions of iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3) inclusions as a reddish‐brown colouring admixture in modern‐day concrete. Using a non‐destructive microwave measurement technique, a two‐factor 6 × 10 factorial experiment and a randomized controlled statistical study from 3.40 to 3.60 GHz is conducted on 15‐cm thick building material prototypes enhanced with 2‐wt% to 10‐wt% micro‐sized Fe2O3 inclusions to evaluate their efficacy on EM wave propagation. Transmission coefficients (S21) data are analysed statistically between treatment and control groups, yielding up to 2.28 dB mean S21 improvement in performance and a fractional bandwidth of 100% by the 2‐wt% Fe2O3 treatment group. Electromagnetic characterisations of the fabricated mortar samples with different Fe2O3 inclusions are performed using Nicholson‐Ross‐Weir model followed by the evaluation of dielectric and propagation losses. Our findings support the use of 2‐wt% Fe2O3 as the optimal volumetric fraction which improves the microwave transparency, thus creating potential EM benefits for the fifth‐generation (5G) wireless communication systems.

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Section: Microwave Materials Characterisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various microwave measurement methods [15] are also surveyed in order to perform the EM characterisations of building materials. Since the free-space measurement method [16] can operate in wide band frequencies and is nondestructive in nature, it can emulate indoor building conditions in urban environments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic wave propagation through composite building materials in urban environments at mid‐band 5G frequencies

Sum

Soong

et al. 2022

IET Microwaves Antenna & Prop

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“…There are many methods for measuring complex permittivity over a wide range of frequencies. These methods can be broadly categorized as resonant, transmission/reflection and imaging techniques [7,18–21]. Additionally, the effects of other parameters such as sample preparation (for both destructive and non-destructive methods), sample surface roughness, moisture and temperature on the measurement results need to be considered when selecting a measurement method [7,16,17,22].…”

Section: Materials Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the category of transmission/reflection methods, there are filled waveguide and coaxial methods, co-planar waveguide methods, microstrip methods and free-space methods. In these two-port methods, both S 21 and S 11 (transmission and reflection coefficient, respectively) measurements are used to determine the dielectric properties of a MUT [18–20,26,59]. A general practical limitation of these techniques, especially for the free-space technique, is that for characterizing materials in structures it is not always possible to place measurement devices on both sides of the MUT.…”

Section: Materials Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of advances in microwave and millimetre-wave NDT&E: principles and applications

Brinker

Dvorsky

Ghasr

et al. 2020

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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Microwave and millimetre-wave non-destructive testing and evaluation (NDT&E) has a long history dating back to the late 1950s (Bahr 1982 Microwave non-destructive testing methods ; Zoughi 2000 Microwave Non-destructive testing and evaluation principles ; Feinstein 1967 Surface crack detection by microwave methods ; Ash 1973 In 3rd European Microwave Conference ; Auld 1981 Phys. Technol. 12 , 149–154; Case 2017 Mater. Eval. 75 ). However, sustained activities in this field date back to the early 1980s (Zoughi 1995 Res. Nondestr. Eval. 7 , 71–74; Zoughi 2018 Mater. Eval. 76 , 1051–1057; Kharkovsky 2007 IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 10 , 26–38). Owing to various limitations associated with using microwaves and millimetre waves for NDT&E, these techniques did not see much utility in the early days. However, with the advent and prevalence of composite materials and structures, in a wide range of applications, and technological advances in high-frequency component design and availability, these techniques are no longer considered as ‘emerging techniques’ (Zoughi 2018 Mater. Eval. 76 , 1051–1057; Schull 2002 Nondestructive evaluation: theory, techniques, and applications ). Currently, microwave and millimetre-wave NDT&E is a rapidly growing field and has been more widely acknowledged and accepted by practitioners over the last 25+ years (Case 2017 Mater. Eval. 75 ; Bakhtiari 1994 IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech . 42 , 389–395; Bakhtiari 1993 Mater. Eval. 51 , 740–743; Bakhtiari 1993 IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 42 , 19–24; Ganchev 1995 IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 44 , 326–328; Bois 1999 IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 48 , 1131–1140; Ghasr 2009 IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 58 , 1505–1513). Microwave non-destructive testing was recently recognized and designated by the American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT) as a ‘Method’ on its own (Case 2017 Mater. Eval. 75 ). These techniques are well suited for materials characterization; layered composite inspection for thickness, disbond, delamination and corrosion under coatings; surface-breaking crack detection and evaluation; and cure-state monitoring in concrete and resin-rich composites, to name a few. This work reviews recent advances in four major areas of microwave and millimetre-wave NDT&E, namely materials characterization, surface crack detection, imaging and sensors. The techniques, principles and some of the applications in each of these areas are discussed. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Advanced electromagnetic non-destructive evaluation and smart monitoring’.

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“…The method is based on the reflection-less resonance transmission of microwave radiation through the CRAs with and without a CNT sample. From the measurement data, real and imaginary parts of the CNT complex permittivity can be extracted using differential material parameters de-embedding 4,5 . Permittivity of the pure CNT can be further employed to design EM absorbers and EM interference shielding based on the composite materials formed by the CNT material inclusions inside a host medium, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of microwave absorption in carbon nanotubes using resonance aperture transmission method

Malyuskin

Brunet

Mariotti

et al. 2020

Journal of Applied Physics

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A new method to characterize microwave electromagnetic (EM) absorption of a bulk carbon nanotube (CNT) material is proposed and experimentally evaluated in this paper. The method is based on the measurement of microwave transmission through a capacitive-resonator aperture (CRA) in a conductive screen loaded with a CNT sample under test. This method allows to measure microwave permittivity and absorption of thin samples (~ 0.1μm-10μm thick) with linear dimensions much smaller than the wavelength of radiation in free space. This "minimal" sample requirement restricts the application of conventional microwave characterization methods such as free-space or waveguide permittivity characterization. It is demonstrated that the resonance E-field enhancement inside the CRA leads to strong EM interaction of the microwave E-field with the CNT sample under test thus enabling high sensitivity and dynamic range (~ 5dB) of the measurement procedure. Another advantage of the proposed technique over conventional non-resonance characterization methods is that in the resonance transmission band, the CRA operation is reflection-less which leads to a relatively simple qualitative algebraic de-embedding procedure of the material parameters based on the principle of energy conservation. The experimental microwave absorption data of the multiwall CNT samples are presented in the S frequency band (2-4GHz), demonstrating microwave absorption properties of the multiwall CNT ribbons.

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Macroscopic characterization of materials using microwave measurement methods — A survey

Cited by 12 publications

References 51 publications

Electromagnetic wave propagation through composite building materials in urban environments at mid‐band 5G frequencies

Electromagnetic wave propagation through composite building materials in urban environments at mid‐band 5G frequencies

Review of advances in microwave and millimetre-wave NDT&E: principles and applications

Characterization of microwave absorption in carbon nanotubes using resonance aperture transmission method

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