Macrophages drive the earliest anti-tumoral response to BCG therapy by directly killing bladder cancer through TNF signaling
Mayra Martinez-Lopez,
Cátia Rebelo de Almeida,
Marcia Fontes
et al.
Abstract:The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is the cancer immunotherapy longest in use. Despite its effectiveness in bladder cancer (BC), its initial mechanisms of action remain largely unknown. Therefore, proper diagnostic assessments to identify patients who will not respond to treatment or develop resistance are lacking. Here, we set-out to unravel the earliest innate cellular mechanisms involved in BCG-induced clearance of tumors. We show that BCG induces a massive recruitment of macrophages to the tumor mi… Show more
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