Macrophages and Stem Cells—Two to Tango for Tissue Repair?

Abstract

Macrophages (MCs) are present in all tissues, not only supporting homeostasis, but also playing an important role in organogenesis, post-injury regeneration, and diseases. They are a heterogeneous cell population due to their origin, tissue specificity, and polarization in response to aggression factors, depending on environmental cues. Thus, as pro-inflammatory M1 phagocytic MCs, they contribute to tissue damage and even fibrosis, but the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype participates in repairing processes and wound healing through a molecular interplay with most cells in adult stem cell niches. In this review, we emphasize MC phenotypic heterogeneity in health and disease, highlighting their systemic and systematic contribution to tissue homeostasis and repair. Unraveling the intervention of both resident and migrated MCs on the behavior of stem cells and the regulation of the stem cell niche is crucial for opening new perspectives for novel therapeutic strategies in different diseases.

Analysis of CGF Biomolecules, Structure and Cell Population: Characterization of the Stemness Features of CGF Cells and Osteogenic Potential

“…Tissue repair is a complex mechanism that takes place over four phases: inflammatory process, cell proliferation, differentiation, and ECM remodeling. The process involves cytokines, growth factors, and MMPs [15]. Despite a large literature on CGF use and applications in the regenerative medicine field [21,23], up to the present, no data are provided on the metabolomic profile of CGF, and very few studies investigated the kinetic release of CGF growth factors and MMPs over a long time and analyzed the CGF cellular component.…”

“…The importance of the resident and circulating cells in the processes of tissue regeneration is well established [14,15]; therefore, besides growth factors and molecules contained in and released by CGF, we focused on the characterization of its cellular components.…”

“…Several authors have also shown that besides growth factors and platelets, the resident and circulating monocytes/macrophages and multipotent stem cells are important in the processes of tissue regeneration and differentiation [14,15].…”

Use of CGF in Oral and Implant Surgery: From Laboratory Evidence to Clinical Evaluation

“…Tissue repair is a complex mechanism that takes place through inflammatory processes, cell proliferation, differentiation, and matrix remodeling. Several mediators can be involved including cytokines, growth factors, and matrix-degrading enzymes [ 31 ]. Despite the large literature on CGF use and applications in the regenerative medicine field [ 30 , 32 ], up to the present, few data are provided on the effects of CGF in improving the bioactivity of the dental implant surface as well as osseointegration processes and tissue regeneration.…”

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells enhance angiogenesis and promote fat retention in fat grafting via polarized macrophages

“…BM-MSCs have been reported to regulate macrophage phenotype in the context several disorders [ 35 – 37 ]. Recently, using a murine model of diabetic wound healing, Zhang et al demonstrated that BM-MSCs induced the functional restoration of vascular endothelial cells by polarizing macrophages into an anti-inflammatory phenotype [ 38 ].…”