Macrophage Targeted Theranostics as Personalized Nanomedicine Strategies for Inflammatory Diseases

Abstract

Inflammatory disease management poses challenges due to the complexity of inflammation and inherent patient variability, thereby necessitating patient-specific therapeutic interventions. Theranostics, which integrate therapeutic and imaging functionalities, can be used for simultaneous imaging and treatment of inflammatory diseases. Theranostics could facilitate assessment of safety, toxicity and real-time therapeutic efficacy leading to personalized treatment strategies. Macrophages are an important cellular component of inflammatory diseases, participating in varied roles of disease exacerbation and resolution. The inherent phagocytic nature, abundance and disease homing properties of macrophages can be targeted for imaging and therapeutic purposes. This review discusses the utility of theranostics in macrophage ablation, phenotype modulation and inhibition of their inflammatory activity leading to resolution of inflammation in several diseases.

Urokinase plasminogen activator and receptor promote collagen-induced arthritis through expression in hematopoietic cells

“…Local macrophage depletion by intraarticular clodronate injections has shown some benefit in rheumatoid arthritis, 42 and macrophage depletion is still explored as a therapeutic option within inflammatory diseases. 43 In addition to macrophages, neutrophils and natural killer cells could be linked to the uPA/uPARmediated inflammatory arthritis. Each of these cell types has been shown to express both uPA and uPAR, 19,[44][45][46][47] and each has been linked to arthritis pathogenesis in both RA and CIA.…”

Recent therapeutic applications of the theranostic principle with dendrimers in oncology

“…Finally, the development of theranostic approach in other therapeutic domain such as HIV [95] and inflammation [96] should be possible. For instance, in the inflammation domain, the theranostic approach can be used to facilitate the evaluation of macrophage uptake and the biodistribution of the drug carrier [96].…”

Development and Characterization of Resveratrol Nanoemulsions Carrying Dual-Imaging Agents

“…However, if levels of M1 macrophage infiltration become too high at the site of inflammation, increased levels of NO can cause damage to healthy tissue and lead to increased, chronic inflammation [20]. Previously, celecoxib-loaded nanoemulsions were shown to suppress prostaglandin release from LPS-activated macrophages [18,35]. Here, macrophages were exposed to resveratrol-free nanoemulsions, resveratrol-loaded nanoemulsions or free resveratrol in DMSO at a concentration of 20 μm.…”

“…Therefore, the first aim of this work was to develop a theranostic resveratrol nanoemulsion. Theranostic nanomedicine treatments such as theranostic nanoemulsions have the potential to address inter-and intrapatient variability by simultaneously targeting the disease site and providing imaging feedback regarding treatment efficacy [17,18]. Imaging feedback makes it possible to more rapidly determine whether a treatment is adequately addressing the underlying pathology.…”

“…Imaging feedback makes it possible to more rapidly determine whether a treatment is adequately addressing the underlying pathology. This real-time visual feedback can also be used to alter patient dosing throughout the course of treatment, thus providing personalized medical treatment to an individual patient [18,19].…”