Macrophage Related Chronic Inflammation in Non-Healing Wounds

Abstract

Persistent hyper-inflammation is a distinguishing pathophysiological characteristic of chronic wounds, and macrophage malfunction is considered as a major contributor thereof. In this review, we describe the origin and heterogeneity of macrophages during wound healing, and compare macrophage function in healing and non-healing wounds. We consider extrinsic and intrinsic factors driving wound macrophage dysregulation, and review systemic and topical therapeutic approaches for the restoration of macrophage response. Multidimensional analysis is highlighted through the integration of various high-throughput technologies, used to assess the diversity and activation states as well as cellular communication of macrophages in healing and non-healing wound. This research fills the gaps in current literature and provides the promising therapeutic interventions for chronic wounds.

Murine Susceptibility to Leishmania amazonensis Infection Is Influenced by Arginase-1 and Macrophages at the Lesion Site

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“…Wound healing can be typically subdivided into three main phases: the inflammatory phase, a proliferative phase, and a remodeling phase ( Wada et al, 2021 ). At the inflammatory phase of wound healing, platelets released factors, such as chemokines and growth factors, attract neutrophils and macrophages infiltration for bacterial eradication and debridement ( Li et al, 2021 ). Then various bioactive substances including epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and transforming growth factor α (TGF-α) stimulate fibroblast proliferation and angiogenesis, thereby promoting the formation of granulation tissue ( Lee et al, 2020 ).…”