Macrophage phenotypes during tissue repair

Novak, Margaret L.; Koh, Timothy J.

doi:10.1189/jlb.1012512

Cited by 528 publications

(426 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…Of interest, similar findings have been reported in the mouse gut, where tissueresident macrophages exhibited an anti-inflammatory profile, both in the native state and during acute inflammation (42). However, macrophage polarization is not limited to the M1 and M2 states, but also includes regulatory and resolution-phase macrophages (43,44). Moreover, overlapping phenotypes and populations may exist simultaneously within the same tissue.…”

Section: Cd11bsupporting

confidence: 67%

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Macrophages and Dendritic Cell Subsets in the Mouse Lung

Misharin

Morales‐Nebreda

Mutlu

et al. 2013

Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol

728

712

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The lung hosts multiple populations of macrophages and dendritic cells, which play a crucial role in lung pathology. The accurate identification and enumeration of these subsets are essential for understanding their role in lung pathology. Flow cytometry is a mainstream tool for studying the immune system. However, a systematic flow cytometric approach to identify subsets of macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) accurately and consistently in the normal mouse lung has not been described. Here we developed a panel of surface markers and an analysis strategy that accurately identify all known populations of macrophages and DCs, and their precursors in the lung during steady-state conditions and bleomycin-induced injury. Using this panel, we assessed the polarization of lung macrophages during the course of bleomycin-induced lung injury. Alveolar macrophages expressed markers of alternatively activated macrophages during both acute and fibrotic phases of bleomycin-induced lung injury, whereas markers of classically activated macrophages were expressed only during the acute phase. Taken together, these data suggest that this flow cytometric panel is very helpful in identifying macrophage and DC populations and their state of activation in normal, injured, and fibrotic lungs.Keywords: pulmonary macrophages; alveolar macrophages; interstitial macrophages; macrophage polarization; lung fibrosis Cells of the innate immune system, and especially myeloid cells such as neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages (alveolar and interstitial), and dendritic cells (DCs, i.e., plasmacytoid DCs, CD1031 DCs, and CD11b 1 DCs), play an important role in lung development and physiology, and contribute to important lung diseases, including pulmonary infection, cancer, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary fibrosis (1-5). Alveolar and interstitial lung macrophages exhibit different origins and life spans in lungs, and have been identified as key regulators of pathological and reparative processes. Alveolar macrophages, which are considered tissue-resident macrophages, populate lung tissue during early embryogenesis and remain viable for prolonged periods, with minimal replenishment from bone marrow-derived monocytes (6). In contrast, interstitial macrophages originate from bone marrow-derived monocytes and have a shorter half-life (7,8). In recent studies, several groups of investigators suggested that these two populations of lung macrophages play opposing roles in lung injury. Alveolar macrophages appear to limit neutrophil influx into the lung during acute lung injury (9) or chronic exposure to organic dust (10), whereas interstitial macrophages promote neutrophil extravasation (11,12). An additional layer of complexity is added by the phenotypic plasticity of macrophages. Classically activated macrophages (sometimes referred to as M1-polarized) have been suggested to promote the development of acute lung injury, whereas alternatively activated macrophages (M2) may play a role in limiting or resolving lu...

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Section: Cd11bsupporting

confidence: 67%

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Macrophages and Dendritic Cell Subsets in the Mouse Lung

Misharin

Morales‐Nebreda

Mutlu

et al. 2013

Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol

728

712

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Using PBM at 660 nm (20 mW and 1.6 J) with the same experimental model, De Souza et al12 and Mesquita‐Ferrari et al16 also found a reduction in myonecrosis at 7 days as well as a reduction in TNF‐ α mRNA expression after 1 and 7 days. TNF‐ α is a proinflammatory cytokine that stimulates myogenic cell proliferation, but also inhibits its differentiation and fusion 3, 24. Therefore, the decrease in TNF‐ α expression during the experimental periods could explain the decrease in myonecrosis on Day 2 and the increase in immature muscle fibres on Day 7 in the group treated with PBM at 660 nm.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photobiomodulation and different macrophages phenotypes during muscle tissue repair

Souza

Mesquita‐Ferrari

Rodrigues

et al. 2018

J Cellular Molecular Medi

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Macrophages play a very important role in the conduction of several regenerative processes mainly due to their plasticity and multiple functions. In the muscle repair process, while M1 macrophages regulate the inflammatory and proliferative phases, M2 (anti‐inflammatory) macrophages direct the differentiation and remodelling phases, leading to tissue regeneration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of red and near infrared (NIR) photobiomodulation (PBM) on macrophage phenotypes and correlate these findings with the repair process following acute muscle injury. Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: control; muscle injury; muscle injury + red PBM; and muscle injury + NIR PBM. After 2, 4 and 7 days, the tibialis anterior muscle was processed for analysis. Macrophages phenotypic profile was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and correlated with the different stages of the skeletal muscle repair by the qualitative and quantitative morphological analysis as well as by the evaluation of IL‐6,TNF‐α and TGF‐β mRNA expression. Photobiomodulation at both wavelengths was able to decrease the number of CD68+ (M1) macrophages 2 days after muscle injury and increase the number of CD163+ (M2) macrophages 7 days after injury. However, only NIR treatment was able to increase the number of CD206+ M2 macrophages (Day 2) and TGF ‐β mRNA expression (Day 2, 4 and 7), favouring the repair process more expressivelly. Treatment with PBM was able to modulate the inflammation phase, optimize the transition from the inflammatory to the regeneration phase (mainly with NIR light) and improve the final step of regeneration, enhancing tissue repair.

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“…This is usually accompanied by a switch in macrophage henotype from proinflammatory M1 macrophages (classically activated) to anti-inflammatory/ prohealing M2 macrophages (alternatively activated). 92 Studies have shown that in slowly healing diabetic wounds, macrophages do not effectively remove apoptotic neutrophils 89 and the number of M1 macrophages outweigh the M2 macrophages. 93,94 This could contribute to the persistent inflammation observed in chronic, nonhealing wounds.…”

Section: Direct Effects Of Vegf On Keratinocytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Angiogenesis in the Regulation of Cutaneous Wound Repair

Johnson

Wilgus

2014

Advances in Wound Care

703

484

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Macrophage phenotypes during tissue repair

Cited by 528 publications

References 83 publications

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Macrophages and Dendritic Cell Subsets in the Mouse Lung

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Macrophages and Dendritic Cell Subsets in the Mouse Lung

Photobiomodulation and different macrophages phenotypes during muscle tissue repair

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Angiogenesis in the Regulation of Cutaneous Wound Repair

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