Macrophage/Microglial Accumulation and Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen Expression in the Central Nervous System in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Encephalopathy

Abstract

This study was performed to quantitate and characterize the mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) in human immunodeficiency virus encephalopathy (HIVE) by immunohistochemistry in an effort to gain insights into potential mechanisms of central nervous system (CNS) accumulation. Single-and double-labeled studies using antibodies against CD14, CD16, CD68, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Ki-67, von Willebrand factor, and HIV-1 p24 were performed using brain tissue from patients with HIVE, HIV-1 infection without encephalitis, and seronegative controls. A substantial increase in MPs was observed in CNS tissue from patients with HIVE, relative to seronegative controls and patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome but without encephalitis, as determined by CD68 and CD16 immunohistochemistry.

p27SJ, a novel protein in St John's Wort, that suppresses expression of HIV-1 genome

“…In this respect, several lines of evidence ascribe an important role for C/EBPb in the efficient transcription and replication of HIV-1 in several cell types, particularly in cells of myeloid lineage which support HIV-1 replication in brain and play an important role in the neuropathogenesis of AIDS. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Examination of several clinical samples from AIDS patients with dementia revealed a distinct mutation in the C/EBPb-binding site of the LTR …”

Neurodegeneration Induced by PVC-211 Murine Leukemia Virus Is Associated with Increased Levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1α and Is Inhibited by Blocking Activation of Microglia

“…Microglia have been shown to contribute to a number of human neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, human immunodeficiency virus dementia, multiple sclerosis, and others (6,12,26). However, the role of activated microglia in retrovirus-induced animal models of neurodegeneration has been controversial (16,28).…”

CD163 Identifies Perivascular Macrophages in Normal and Viral Encephalitic Brains and Potential Precursors to Perivascular Macrophages in Blood

“…59 Because we and others have shown that the majority of blood monocytes are CD163 positive, it is possible that CD163 ϩ cells reported by Fox and colleagues 40,49 are recent CNS immigrants. Rappaport and colleagues 8,60 have suggested that HIVinfected CD16 ϩ microglia in the CNS of patients with HIVE might be derived from monocytes that have recently trafficked to the CNS and lost CD14 expression. Our data partly underscore this possibility.…”