Macrophage metabolism in atherosclerosis

Abstract

A key aspect of atherosclerosis is the maladaptive inflammatory response to lipoprotein accumulation in the artery. The failure to decrease lipid accumulation, to clear apoptotic cells, and to resolve inflammation ultimately leads to macrophage accumulation within the vascular wall [Thorp EB (2010) Apoptosis 15, 1124–1136; Moore K et al. (2013) Nat Rev Immunol 13, 709–721; Moore KJ and Tabas I (2011) Cell 145, 341–355; Ley K et al. (2011) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 31, 1506–1516]. Several subsets of macrophages are found inside atherosclerotic plaques [Chinetti‐Gbaguidi G et al. (2015) Nat Rev Cardiol 12, 10–17; Leitinger N and Schulman IG (2013) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 33, 1120–1126; Mantovani A et al. (2009) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 29, 1419–1423]: Proinflammatory M1‐like macrophages potentially participate in atherosclerosis initiation and progression; M2‐like macrophages are thought to be protective due to their anti‐inflammatory and profibrotic properties, presumably stabilizing the plaque [Chistiakov DA et al. (2015) Int J Cardiol 184, 436–445; Gordon S (2003) Nat Rev Immunol 3, 23–35]; Mox macrophages develop in response to oxidized phospholipids and present a glutathione‐ and potentially redox‐regulating phenotype [Kadl A et al. (2010) Circ Res 107, 737–746]; Mhem macrophages are found in areas of plaque hemorrhage [Boyle JJ et al. (2009) Am J Pathol 174, 1097–1108; Boyle JJ et al. (2012) Circ Res 110, 20–33] where they are involved in heme clearance. Recent evidence suggests that the relative abundance of these macrophage subsets is a better indicator of plaque progression and stability than the total number of lesion macrophages [Chinetti‐Gbaguidi G et al. (2015) Nat Rev Cardiol 12, 10–17]. Over the last few years, findings in the area of immunometabolism established a link between the metabolic state of the different macrophage phenotypes and their functions [O'Neill LAJ and Pearce EJ (2016) J Exp Med 213, 15–23]. However, the effect of metabolic changes in macrophages on atherosclerotic plaque progression and stability is not well understood and an area of intensive study. In this review, we will summarize and critically discuss recent developments in the field of macrophage metabolism in the context of atherosclerosis to guide future investigation in this area.

Retracted: Resveratrol Derivative, Trans‐3, 5, 4′‐Trimethoxystilbene, Prevents the Developing of Atherosclerotic Lesions and Attenuates Cholesterol Accumulation in Macrophage Foam Cells

“…Macrophage ingests lipids (such as triglycerides and cholesterol) from lipoprotein and thus transforms into lipid‐rich foam cell . Accelerated transformation of macrophage‐derived foam cell that occurs in the initial stage of atherogenesis is a hallmark of vascular diseases . In the current study, we found that TMS treatment significantly decreased the number of macrophages and macrophage‐derived foam cells in aortic sinuses of ApoE knockout mouse.…”

<p>Functional aspects, phenotypic heterogeneity, and tissue immune response of macrophages in infectious diseases</p>

“…[57][58][59] Mox macrophages differ from the other cell types in expressing oxidized 1palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine and producing HO-1 and sulfiredoxin-1. [60][61][62] Mox macrophages are also associated with triggering of oxidative responses (Table 1). [60][61][62] Arg1.…”

“…[60][61][62] Mox macrophages are also associated with triggering of oxidative responses (Table 1). [60][61][62] Arg1. IRF4, SOCS1, GATA3, CCL4, CCL13, CCL17, CCL18, MRC1, STAB1, MARCO, CD163, FN, TGFB1, MMP1, MMP12, TG, F13A1, TGM2, ADORA3, TGFBR2, IL17RB, ALOX15, The recently discovered M3 macrophages are known as commuting macrophages.…”

Oxidized low‐density lipoprotein promotes vascular endothelial cell dysfunction by stimulating miR‐496 expression and inhibiting the Hippo pathway effector YAP

“…During atherosclerosis progression, macrophages participate in the local inflammatory responses by secreting cytokines, free radicals, proteases, and various supplements, and mediate low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation by producing reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, and forming oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) (Bories and Leitinger, 2017;Wong et al, 2017;Xiao et al, 2017). During atherosclerosis progression, macrophages participate in the local inflammatory responses by secreting cytokines, free radicals, proteases, and various supplements, and mediate low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation by producing reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, and forming oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) (Bories and Leitinger, 2017;Wong et al, 2017;Xiao et al, 2017).…”