Macrophage Biocompatibility of CoCr Wear Particles Produced under Polarization in Hyaluronic Acid Aqueous Solution

Abstract

Macrophages are the main cells involved in inflammatory processes and in the primary response to debris derived from wear of implanted CoCr alloys. The biocompatibility of wear particles from a high carbon CoCr alloy produced under polarization in hyaluronic acid (HA) aqueous solution was evaluated in J774A.1 mouse macrophages cultures. Polarization was applied to mimic the electrical interactions observed in living tissues. Wear tests were performed in a pin-on-disk tribometer integrating an electrochemical cell in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) and in PBS supplemented with 3 g/L HA, an average concentration that is generally found in synovial fluid, used as lubricant solution. Wear particles produced in 3 g/L HA solution showed a higher biocompatibility in J774A.1 macrophages in comparison to those elicited by particles obtained in PBS. A considerable enhancement in macrophages biocompatibility in the presence of 3 g/L of HA was further observed by the application of polarization at potentials having current densities typical of injured tissues suggesting that polarization produces an effect on the surface of the metallic material that leads to the production of wear particles that seem to be macrophage-biocompatible and less cytotoxic. The results showed the convenience of considering the influence of the electric interactions in the chemical composition of debris detached from metallic surfaces under wear corrosion to get a better understanding of the biological effects caused by the wear products.

Wettability, Corrosion Resistance, and Osteoblast Response to Reduced Graphene Oxide on CoCr Functionalized with Hyaluronic Acid

“…Cell cultures were maintained for 72 h in a cell culture chamber at 37 °C and 5% CO 2 . Incubation time was selected based on the previous studies [ 24 , 25 ]. Mitochondrial activity (WST-1 assay) and plasma membrane damage (LDH assay) were used to evaluate the biocompatibility and cytotoxicity, respectively, as described in [ 26 ].…”

“…Reduction of the WST-1 reagent [4-(3-4-iodophenyl)-2-(4-nitro-phenyl) -2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzene disulfonate (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany)) was used to evaluate the effect of modified surfaces on the mitochondrial activity of osteoblast cell cultures. The mitochondrial activity measurement was directly proportional to the number of metabolically active cells in culture [ 24 ]. Following the culture, 100 µL of the cell proliferation kit reagent WST-1 was added to each well, containing 1 mL of fresh complete cell culture medium and incubated inside the cell culture incubator for 180 min.…”

Corrosion Behaviour and J774A.1 Macrophage Response to Hyaluronic Acid Functionalization of Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide on Biomedical Grade CoCr

“…Cell cultures were maintained for 72 h in a cell culture chamber at 37 • C and 5% CO 2 . Incubation time selected was based on the previous set-up of cell cultures assays for metallic material studies performed in the lab, that is, the most common time point used for cell viability studies [15,16].…”

“…Reduction of the WST-1 reagent (4-[3-4-iodophenyl)-2-(4-nitro-phenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzene disulfonate (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) was used to evaluate the effect of modified surfaces on the mitochondrial activity of macrophages. The mitochondrial activity measurement is directly proportional to the number of metabolically active cells in culture [15]. After 72 h in culture, 100 µL of the cell proliferation kit reagent WST-1 was added to each well containing 1 mL of fresh complete cell culture medium, and the mixture was incubated inside the cell culture incubator for 90 min.…”

“…Therefore, the main objective of this paper is the study of the HA functionalization of the ErGO on the CoCr alloy from the point of view of corrosion and biological implications. Since macrophages are the main cells involved in the primary response to foreign bodies [14], the response of a mouse macrophage cell line (J774A.1) was analyzed here [15].…”