Macronutrients and dissolved iron in a land-ocean approach: Influences of contamination by ore tailings in Southeastern Brazil

Abstract

Recently, many dam rupture disasters related to the mining industry have caused significant disruption to ecosystems globally. Contaminants, including nutrients in excess, can be transported from the river watersheds to the ocean in great quantities. In 2015, millions of m3 of iron ore tailings were released in the Doce River in southeastern Brazil, leading to several damaging effects to the river and marine ecosystem. So far, few studies have integrated the impact of these tailings on the river and the sea simultaneously. This research aims to provide a perspective on the macronutrients and iron concentrations and balance in the Doce River and the adjacent continental shelf, the related abiotic factors and the phytoplankton response under a new steady state of iron enrichment environment. The iron ore tailings increased the concentrations of nutrients in the river and on the continental shelf, especially for dissolved silica and iron. There was also a long-term indirect phosphorus enrichment associated to adsorption/desorption onto Fe-oxides and a nitrogen increase possibly due to N-fixing enhanced by iron. N fixation/remineralization predominates in the river watershed, while in the sea, the hydrodynamics provides nutrients supplied by the river and recycling from sediment resuspension. Nutrient ratios show DIP limitation in the river, while the complex marine environment brings both limitations on DIN, DIP, and DSi, as well as a stoichiometric equilibrium to the dataset. The phytoplankton response to the abiotic factors was more representative in the river watershed than on the continental shelf. This work emphasizes the importance of reporting local data for understanding global land-ocean nutrient fluxes and their potential influence on primary productivity and trophic chain balance.

Deep lakes support higher zooplankton functional diversity than shallow lakes: A case study in lacustrine environments affected by mining tailings (lower Doce River basin, Brazil)

“…Iron ore mining tailings have a complex chemical composition, consisting of metals such as Al, Ba, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn, among others, besides compounds such as amines, usually used in the ore processing industry (Costa et al., 2021; Orlando et al., 2020). In addition to the inherent toxicity of these metals, the presence of Fe can enhance primary production, since it is a micronutrient of great importance for phytoplankton, favouring the establishment of eutrophic conditions (Cagnin et al., 2022). This change in trophic state has great potential to alter functional aspects of zooplankton, especially in the structure of feeding groups.…”