Macronutrient Intake and Inadequacies of Community-Dwelling Older Adults, a Systematic Review

Abstract

Background: Anorexia of ageing may predispose older adults to under-nutrition and protein energy malnutrition. Studies, however, report a large variation in nutrient inadequacies among community-dwelling older adults. Summary: This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of the energy and macronutrient intakes and possible inadequacies in community-dwelling older adults. PubMed and EMBASE were screened up to December 2013; data from national nutrition surveys were added. Forty-six studies were included, following the PRISMA guideline. Key Messages: Mean daily energy intake was 8.9 MJ in men and 7.3 MJ in women. Mean daily carbohydrate and protein intakes were 46 and 15 En% in men and 47 and 16 En% in women, respectively. Mean daily total fat, saturated fatty acid (SFA), mono-unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and poly-unsaturated fatty acid intakes were respectively 34, 13, 13 and 5-6 En%. The carbohydrates and MUFA intakes are below the acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDR). Fat intake is relatively high, and SFA intake exceeds the upper-AMDR. Based on the estimated average requirement (EAR) cut-point method, 10-12% of older adults do not meet the EAR for protein. To interpret a possible energy imbalance additional information is needed on physical activity, energy expenditure and body weight changes. This systematic review indicates a suboptimal dietary macronutrient distribution and a large variation in nutrient intakes among community-dwelling older adults.

Differences in Nutrient Intake and Biochemical Nutrient Status Between Sarcopenic and Nonsarcopenic Older Adults—Results From the Maastricht Sarcopenia Study

“…The nutrient intake of the MaSS population is comparable to that of the Dutch National Food Survey (DNFCS) 55 and recent systematic literature reviews 54,56 (Appendix Table A1). Only 1 cohort study (KNHANES) 10,11 previously investigated the difference in nutrient intake (ie, energy, protein, carbohydrate, vitamin D, and calcium) between, Korean, sarcopenic, and nonsarcopenic older adults.…”

“…Although we did not observe significant differences in energy intake between the 2 groups, it is important to monitor energy intake as anorexia is associated with sarcopenia, 53 and low energy intakes are frequently reported among community-dwelling older adults. 54 Compared with the nutritional reference values, a low energy intake in the MaSS men was observed. We, however, do not expect that the overall MaSS population was suffering from an energy deficit.…”

Food Sensory Properties and the Older Adult

“…Although less common within the older adult population, high intake of certain nutrients can also compromise health. Daily fat intake is often higher than recommended in the older adult population (Ter Borg ). High sodium intake is also of concern, particularly for individuals with high blood pressure (Polonia et al .…”

“…In Canada, malnutrition is estimated to be between 20 and 60% of the population living in long term care (Lam ). Deficiencies in total caloric intake, specific macronutrients, such as protein (Ter Borg ) and specific micronutrient (vitamins and minerals) (Ter Borg et al . ) have been observed.…”

Misvisende om kosthold i ny nasjonal retningslinje for forebygging av hjerte- og karsykdommer

“…Ni av disse ble senere ekskludert; tre fordi de omhandlet kun forbruk av fett/inntak av fettsyrer i ulike land 87,88,140 , én fordi det var en planlagt kunnskapsoppsummering som ikke inkluderte noen studier 141 , to fordi de omhandlet markører som ikke er anerkjente kausale risikofaktorer 142,143 , én fordi den ikke var en systematisk oversikt 144 , én fordi den omhandlet et helhetlig middelhavskosthold og ikke fettkvalitet 145 og én fordi den var en metaanalyse av de samme studiene som var med i en tidligere metaanalyse av forfatterne 146 (denne er omtalt i kapittel 5). …”