Macronutrient balance and micronutrient amounts through growth and development

Savarino, Giovanni; Corsello, Antonio; Corsello, Giovanni

doi:10.1186/s13052-021-01061-0

Cited by 106 publications

(133 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…Human milk (HM) is typically the sole food source for the infants in the first 6 months of life, through which they acquire all elements necessary for their growth and development [1,2]. HM provides a constant supply of micro-and macronutrients, bioactive molecules including carbohydrates (lactose and glucose) and hormones (insulin) to the infant during early life, ensuring appropriate nutrition, maturation, and protection against infection and growth [3][4][5]. These components may also affect infant gut microbiota, appetite regulation and metabolism, as well as infant body composition (BC).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Milk Lactose, Insulin, and Glucose Relative to Infant Body Composition during Exclusive Breastfeeding

et al. 2021

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Human milk (HM) components may influence infant growth and development. This study aimed to investigate relationships between infant body composition (BC) and HM lactose, insulin, and glucose (concentrations and calculated daily intakes (CDI)) as well as 24-h milk intake and maternal BC at 3 months postpartum. HM samples were collected at 2 months postpartum. Infant and maternal BC was assessed with bioimpedance spectroscopy. Statistical analysis used linear regression accounting for infant birth weight. 24-h milk intake and CDI of lactose were positively associated with infant anthropometry, lean body mass and adiposity. Higher maternal BC measures were associated with lower infant anthropometry, z-scores, lean body mass, and adiposity. Maternal characteristics including BC and age were associated with concentrations and CDI of HM components, and 24-h milk intake. In conclusion, 24-h intake of HM and lactose as well as maternal adiposity are related to development of infant BC.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Milk Lactose, Insulin, and Glucose Relative to Infant Body Composition during Exclusive Breastfeeding

et al. 2021

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“…They found that lipid intake in the first 24 months was not associated in any way with overweight and obesity in later ages, and this data was further confirmed by Rolland et al, who even found a negative correlation between the hyperlipidic diet of a toddler and sera leptin levels at 20 years, the main anorexigenic hormone capable of being produced by the adipose tissue and the fat mass [45]. For these reasons, a diet with a total lipid amount exceeding the recommended 35-40% of the total energy daily intake during the first months of life could even be protective against the development of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence [33].…”

Section: Growth Obesity and Protein Leverage Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, reduced fat (skimmed) milk even doubles the protein contained in whole cow's milk [32]. Even most of the formula milks, based on cow's milk, contain a higher amount of protein than human milk, although much less if compared to commercial cow's ones [33].…”

Section: Growth Obesity and Protein Leverage Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Which Milk during the Second Year of Life: A Personalized Choice for a Healthy Future?

et al. 2021

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Nutrition in early life is a crucial element to provide all essential substrates for growth. Although this statement may appear obvious, several studies have shown how the intake of micro and macronutrients in toddlers differs a lot from the recommendations of scientific societies. Protein intake often exceeds the recommended amount, while the intake of iron and zinc is frequently insufficient, as well as Vitamin D. Nutritional errors in the first years of life can negatively impact the health of the child in the long term. To date, no clear evidence on which milk is suggested during the second year of life is yet to be established. In this study, we compare the nutrient profiles of cow’s milk and specific formulas as well as nutritional risks in toddlers linked to growth and childhood obesity development. The purpose of this review is to resume the latest clinical studies on toddlers fed with cow’s milk or young children formula (YCF), and the potential risks or benefits in the short and long term.

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“…The indirect calorimetry represents the gold standard for the determination of REE, but it is not always available in the hospital setting [ 37 ]. Therefore, in order to get an estimate of the amount of energy required by the body to maintain physiological functions, predictive equations are needed in order to determine the REE in children, such as the Schoefield formula [ 38 ].…”

Section: Nutritional Aspects: Critical Issues and Possible Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional, Gastrointestinal and Endo-Metabolic Challenges in the Management of Children with Spinal Muscular Atrophy Type 1

et al. 2021

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The management of patients with spinal muscular atrophy type 1 (SMA1) is constantly evolving. In just a few decades, the medical approach has switched from an exclusively palliative therapy to a targeted therapy, transforming the natural history of the disease, improving survival time and quality of life and creating new challenges and goals. Many nutritional problems, gastrointestinal disorders and metabolic and endocrine alterations are commonly identified in patients affected by SMA1 during childhood and adolescence. For this reason, a proper pediatric multidisciplinary approach is then required in the clinical care of these patients, with a specific focus on the prevention of most common complications. The purpose of this narrative review is to provide the clinician with a practical and usable tool about SMA1 patients care, through a comprehensive insight into the nutritional, gastroenterological, metabolic and endocrine management of SMA1. Considering the possible horizons opened thanks to new therapeutic frontiers, a nutritional and endo-metabolic surveillance is a crucial element to be considered for a proper clinical care of these patients.

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Macronutrient balance and micronutrient amounts through growth and development

Cited by 106 publications

References 92 publications

Human Milk Lactose, Insulin, and Glucose Relative to Infant Body Composition during Exclusive Breastfeeding

Human Milk Lactose, Insulin, and Glucose Relative to Infant Body Composition during Exclusive Breastfeeding

Which Milk during the Second Year of Life: A Personalized Choice for a Healthy Future?

Nutritional, Gastrointestinal and Endo-Metabolic Challenges in the Management of Children with Spinal Muscular Atrophy Type 1

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