Macronutrient Balance and Dietary Glycemic Index in Pregnancy Predict Neonatal Body Composition

Kizirian, Nathalie; Markovic, Tania; Muirhead, Roslyn; Brodie, Shannon; Garnett, Sarah P.; Louie, Jimmy Chun Yu; Petocz, Peter; Ross, Glynis P.; Brand-Miller, Jennie

doi:10.3390/nu8050270

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(54 reference statements)

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“…Indeed, the body fatness and fat free mass of newborns in our study were similar to healthy values from normative data [ 47 ]. However, our findings differ from those of a previous small study which showed an inverse association between dietary GI and infant fat free mass in a group of women at risk of GDM [ 48 ]. These differences may relate to the risk nature of the participants or timing of dietary assessment.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Quantity and Quality of Carbohydrate Intake during Pregnancy, Newborn Body Fatness and Cardiac Autonomic Control: Conferred Cardiovascular Risk?

et al. 2017

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The fetal environment has an important influence on health and disease over the life course. Maternal nutritional status during pregnancy is potentially a powerful contributor to the intrauterine environment, and may alter offspring physiology and later life cardio-metabolic risk. Putative early life markers of cardio-metabolic risk include newborn body fatness and cardiac autonomic control. We sought to determine whether maternal dietary carbohydrate quantity and/or quality during pregnancy are associated with newborn body composition and cardiac autonomic function. Maternal diet during pregnancy was assessed in 142 mother-infant pairs using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Infant adiposity and body composition were assessed at birth using air-displacement plethysmography. Cardiac autonomic function was assessed as heart rate variability. The quantity of carbohydrates consumed during pregnancy, as a percentage of total energy intake, was not associated with meaningful differences in offspring birth weight, adiposity or heart rate variability (p > 0.05). There was some evidence that maternal carbohydrate quality, specifically higher fibre and lower glycemic index, is associated with higher heart rate variability in the newborn offspring (p = 0.06). This suggests that poor maternal carbohydrate quality may be an important population-level inter-generational risk factor for later cardiac and hemodynamic risk of their offspring.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Quantity and Quality of Carbohydrate Intake during Pregnancy, Newborn Body Fatness and Cardiac Autonomic Control: Conferred Cardiovascular Risk?

et al. 2017

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“…The results for body composition of the infant may depend on pregnancy stage because of relative changes in infant muscle and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity. In line with this hypothesis, the same group of authors found that, in mid-pregnancy and late-pregnancy, a higher maternal intake of carbohydrate energy or a higher GI was associated with lower infant fat free mass index whereas in late pregnancy higher carbohydrate energy also predicted a lower infant fat mass index [ 63 ]. Although there are no long-term studies, both outcomes bear an increased metabolic risk.…”

Section: Pregnancy Outcomementioning

confidence: 95%

Low Glycemic Index Prototype Isomaltulose—Update of Clinical Trials

Maresch

Petry

Theis³

et al. 2017

Nutrients

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Low glycemic index diets are supposed to achieve a more beneficial effect on blood glucose control in people with diabetes mellitus and may also provide metabolic benefits for the general population. A prototype of a low-glycemic index carbohydrate is the natural occurring disaccharide isomaltulose that can be commercially produced from sucrose (beet sugar) to industrial scale. It is currently used in various food and drink applications as well as special and clinical nutrition feeds and formula diet as a food ingredient and alternative sugar. Here we provide an overview on clinical trials with isomaltulose including an analysis of its effects on glycemia and fat oxidation as compared to high glycemic index sugars and carbohydrates. In addition, we discuss recent reports on beneficial effects in weight-loss maintenance and pregnancy.

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“…However, fetal fat development mainly occurs in late-pregnancy and abdominal circumference is an important indicator of fetal fat deposition [35]. This could suggest that a higher maternal early pregnancy dietary glycemic load may rather affect fetal body composition than growth, which is also suggested by the previous studies conducted in infants [36,37]. Contrary to our prior hypothesis, we observed that a higher maternal early pregnancy dietary glycemic index within a low-to-normal range was associated with lower fetal length growth rates from late-pregnancy onwards and with a lower risk of delivering a large-for-gestational-age infant only.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Maternal early pregnancy dietary glycemic index and load, fetal growth, and the risk of adverse birth outcomes

2020

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Purpose Maternal hyperglycemia is associated with adverse birth outcomes. Maternal dietary glycemic index and load influence postprandial glucose concentrations. We examined the associations of maternal early pregnancy dietary glycemic index and load with fetal growth and risks of adverse birth outcomes. Methods In a population-based cohort study of 3471 pregnant Dutch women, we assessed dietary glycemic index and load using a food frequency questionnaire at median 13.4 (95% range 10.6; 21.2) weeks gestation. We measured fetal growth in mid-and late-pregnancy by ultrasound and obtained birth outcomes from medical records. Results Mean maternal early pregnancy dietary glycemic index and load were 57.7 (SD 3.3, 95% range 52.8; 63.5) and 155 (SD 47, 95% range 87; 243), respectively. Maternal early pregnancy dietary glycemic index was not associated with fetal growth parameters. A higher maternal early pregnancy dietary glycemic load was associated with a higher fetal abdominal circumference and estimated fetal weight in late-pregnancy (p values < 0.05), but not with mid-pregnancy or birth growth characteristics. A higher maternal early pregnancy dietary glycemic index was associated with a lower risk of a large-forgestational-age infant (p value < 0.05). Maternal early pregnancy glycemic index and load were not associated with other adverse birth outcomes. Conclusion Among pregnant women without an impaired glucose metabolism, a higher early pregnancy dietary glycemic load was associated with higher late-pregnancy fetal abdominal circumference and estimated fetal weight. No consistent associations of maternal dietary glycemic index and load with growth parameters in mid-pregnancy and at birth were present. A higher glycemic index was associated with a lower risk of a large-for-gestational-age infant.

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Macronutrient Balance and Dietary Glycemic Index in Pregnancy Predict Neonatal Body Composition

Cited by 16 publications

References 42 publications

Quantity and Quality of Carbohydrate Intake during Pregnancy, Newborn Body Fatness and Cardiac Autonomic Control: Conferred Cardiovascular Risk?

Quantity and Quality of Carbohydrate Intake during Pregnancy, Newborn Body Fatness and Cardiac Autonomic Control: Conferred Cardiovascular Risk?

Low Glycemic Index Prototype Isomaltulose—Update of Clinical Trials

Maternal early pregnancy dietary glycemic index and load, fetal growth, and the risk of adverse birth outcomes

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