“…The use of MRS is limited to these and several other nuclei, based on their physical properties, that is, possessing a resonance frequency that responds, or aligns, within a magnetic field, and the release of energy after perturbation following application of an RF pulse, all of which make these nuclei MR visible. For a given nucleus (e.g., 1 H), chemically distinct groups within a molecule that contain the given nucleus possess minor differences in their local resonant frequencies owing to the inhomogeneous and unique distribution of electrons within the molecule (Bovey, Jelinski, & Mirau, 1988). These small differences in resonant frequency, or chemical shift, make it possible to differentiate molecules based on their distinct spectral signatures (e.g., Figure 1, 1 H spectrum; Figure 2, 31 P spectrum).…”