Macromolecules by total reflection X-ray fluorescence: marking techniques

Esterification of Polysaccharides

“…Substituted benzenesulphonic acid esters of cellulose are investigated in terms of the S N reaction with lithium acetate, and a reaction mechanism is proposed [277]. Introduction of heavy atoms for X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy [281,282] The fluorine-containing aliphatic sulphonic acid esters of polysaccharides exhibit a high reactivity and have to be handled carefully. The conversion of trifluoromethanesulphonic acid anhydride with methyl cellulose and cellulose acetate was used for the preparation of cross-linked gels [269].…”

Atomic spectrometry update. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

“…This is a difficult application for TXRF as little sample mass is taken and a highly homogenous ceramic must be assumed. To control the physical properties of a polymer to prevent chemical alterations macromolecules were marked with I atoms to permit their detection using TXRF: 158 the results were compared with those from radioactive I markers.…”

Atomic spectrometry update. Industrial analysis: metals, chemicals and advanced materials

“…Other macromolecules that have been studied include the polysaccharide scleroglucan, which was labeled with I so that it could be determined rapidly using TXRF (or by a radiochemical method if 131 I was used) 69,70 and the PAGE separation followed by capillary liquid chromatography-ICP-MS determination of 31P in human fibrinogen. 71 The analysis of drugs continues to be an area of great interest.…”

“…scleroglucan) so that it was possible to detect them using total reflection-XRF (TXRF). 69,70 In both examples OH groups of the molecule were substituted by I, but the experimental parameters, e.g., temperature, pH and concentrations of reagents, were optimised to ensure that only some of the OH groups became substituted. This was to ensure that the physical properties of the macromolecule were not altered.…”