Macromolecular Translocation Inhibitor II (Zn2+-binding Protein, Parathymosin) Interacts with the Glucocorticoid Receptor and Enhances Transcription in Vivo

Abstract

Macromolecular translocation inhibitor II (MTI-II), which was first identified as an in vitro inhibitor of binding between the highly purified glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and isolated nuclei, is an 11.5-kDa Zn 2؉ -binding protein that is also known as ZnBP or parathymosin. MTI-II is a small nuclear acidic protein that is highly conserved in rats, cows, and humans and widely distributed in mammalian tissues, yet its physiological function is unknown.

Evidence that human blastomere cleavage is under unique cell cycle control

“…In frog embryos, cyclinA1 predominates from fertilization through gastrulation, and combines only with Cdk2, not Cdk1, suggesting it does not play a role in stimulating S phase, but only in entry to mitosis, and supports apoptosis of frog embryo cells that have accumulated DNA damage [ 45 ].The ORC-MCM complex is joined by the GINS complex (Sld5, Psf1, Psf2, Psf3, or 5-1-2-3 which, in Japanese, is ‘Go-Ichi-Ni-San’), essential for both the initiation and extension of DNA replication [ 18 – 21 ]. Interestingly, the GINS elements are also up-regulated in the iPS cells relative to fibroblasts (Table 2 ), supporting their beneficial, but unknown, role in pluripotency.PTMS has been localized to DNA replication forks [ 46 ], in association with glucocorticoid response elements [ 47 ], and shown to compete with histone H1, resulting in chromatin remodeling [ 48 ], suggesting an enhanced role in both DNA replication and transcription in the 8-Cells.PolA/primase initiates DNA strand replication, and PolD, a more processive enzyme that elongates strands, were detected at similar levels in all four cell types (Table S 3 ).PolS is a link between DNA replication and the establishment, and maintenance, of cohesion sites during chromosome duplication [ 49 ]. One thought is that cohesions, tightly bound to chromatin, require the action of a specially adapted DNA polymerase to continue strand synthesis.…”

MicroRNA-22 Can Reduce Parathymosin Expression in Transdifferentiated Hepatocytes

“…Parathymosin is a small nuclear protein that can physically interact with glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and histone H1, respectively, and can serve as a coactivator of GR [18], [19]. We observed here the reduction of parathymosin mRNA and protein levels in AR42J-B13 cells treated with Dex/OSM or with a miR-22 expression vector.…”

“…It is widely distributed in mammalian tissues (Fig. 9;[19], [37]). It can bind to glucocorticoid receptor as a coactivator [18], [19].…”

“…9;[19], [37]). It can bind to glucocorticoid receptor as a coactivator [18], [19]. In addition, it can also affect the binding of histone H1 and nucleosome assembly.…”

Involvement of three glutamine tracts in human androgen receptor transactivation

“…For a series of pACT-AR(NTD), pBIND-AR(NTD), and pBIND-AR(LBD) mammalian two-hybrid vectors encoding VP16-fused AR(NTD), GAL4DBD-fused AR(NTD), and GAL4DBD-fused AR(LBD), respectively, AR cDNAs encoding amino acids 1-557 (with or without glutamine regions) or 622-917 were subcloned into the BamHI sites of pACT and/or pBIND plasmids (Promega Corp., Madison, WI, USA) [17]. SRC-1 expression vector (pTriEx-SRC-1) and luciferase reporter vectors (pARE2-TATA-Luc and pMMTV-LTR-Luc) were described previously [16,18,19]. To express N-terminal Myc-tagged ␤-catenin, oligonucleotides encoding Myc-tag and ␤-catenin cDNA were sequentially inserted into pcDNA-3.1-Myc-His vector, termed pcDNA3.1-Myc-␤-catenin.…”