Macrolides: a novel risk factor for carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales in intensive care units

Abstract

Introduction: Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) have emerged as a substantial cause of morbi-mortality worldwide, with a prevalence of approximately 5% in areas with high endemicity. However, available data may not be representative of developing countries, such as Ecuador. In this study, the incidence of CPE in Ecuador and risk factors for infection/colonisation were evaluated.
 Methodology: A prospective cohort study was performed from February to April 2016 in seven intensive-care units of Guayaquil, Ecuador. Samples were processed according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention laboratory protocol and the CHROMagar mSuper CARBA agar method. Resistance to carbapenems was defined according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute breakpoints. A modified carbapenemase inactivation method was used to identify carbapenamase production phenotypically with molecular confirmation by multiplex polymerase chain reaction.
 Results: In total, 640 patients were enrolled. The incidence of CPE was 36.4% (N = 233). A multivariate analysis indicated that several factors were associated with CPE acquisition, included a long intensive care unit stay (OR 1.05; 95% CI 1.03–1.08; p < 0.01), tracheostomy (OR 3.52; 95% CI 1.90–6.75; p < 0.01), hospitalisation 3 months prior to admission (OR 2.07; 95% CI 1.17–3.71; p < 0.01), vancomycin use (OR 3.31; 95% CI 2.02–5.18; p < 0.01), and macrolide use (OR 3.31; 95% CI 1.43–7.76; p < 0.01).
 Conclusions: Macrolide use was a risk factor for CPE acquisition. This association should be evaluated further, especially in developing countries.

Caracterización de cepas bacterianas resistentes a antibióticos provenientes de aislamientos de áreas críticas de un hospital de Guayaquil

“…En otro estudio efectuado en Guayaquil se identificó la presencia de Enterobacterales productores de carbapenemasas [KPC en 97,15% y NDM 2.84%], estableciendo como factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de cepas productoras de carbapenemasas el antecedente de hospitalización previa (3 meses previos al último ingreso), uso de dispositivos o procedimientos invasivos, hemodiálisis, larga estancia de cuidados (en unidad de cuidados intensivos), administración de vancomicina y macrólidos, resaltando que el uso de estos fármacos produjo riesgo relativo de 0,6 y 0,85 respectivamente [14]. A su vez, en otro estudio se demostró una alta prevalencia de K. pneumoniae blaKPC ST 258 (36,67%) en cepas provenientes de unidades de cuidados intensivos de Guayaquil [15].…”

Risk factors associated with colistin resistance in carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales: a multicenter study from a low-income country

“…Its economic burden is estimated at USD 1.1 billion per year, including more than 400,000 inpatient days and more than 10,000 deaths [ 1 ]. One of the leading causes of MDROs (multidrug-resistant organisms) infections are carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales , microorganisms that have shown a rapid increase in prevalence during the last few years in developing countries [ 2 – 4 ].…”