Macroeconomic Assessment of Voltage Sags

Abstract

Abstract:The electric power sector has changed dramatically since the 1980s. Electricity customers are now demanding uninterrupted and high quality service from both utilities and authorities. By becoming more and more dependent on the voltage sensitive electronic equipment, the industry sector is the one which is affected the most by voltage disturbances. Voltage sags are one of the most crucial problems for these customers. The utilities, on the other hand, conduct cost-benefit analyses before going through new investment projects. At this point, understanding the costs of voltage sags become imperative for planning purposes. The characteristics of electric power consumption and hence the susceptibility against voltage sags differ considerably among different industry subsectors. Therefore, a model that will address the estimation of worth of electric power reliability for a large number of customer groups is necessary. This paper introduces a macroeconomic model to calculate Customer Voltage Sag Costs (CVSCs) for the industry sector customers. The proposed model makes use of analytical data such as value added, annual energy consumption, working hours, and average outage durations and provides a straightforward, credible, and easy to follow methodology for the estimation of CVSCs.

Planning of Distributed Energy Storage Systems in μGrids Accounting for Voltage Dips

“…The indirect methods estimate the cost of a disturbance without passing through the analytical quantification of the effects of that disturbance on specific devices or equipment's. They can use macroeconomic analysis [11] or surveys of the customers asked to directly estimate their suffered costs due to the supply disturbances or to provide qualitative economic figures of the electric supply linked to that disturbance. In the case of the supply interruptions, for example, the National economic regulation of continuity in Italy started with an extensive survey aimed to estimate two indices: the willingness to pay (WTP) and the willingness to accept (WTA) [29].…”

“…First of all, the voltage dips are the disturbances with serious consequences on processes and activities that could evolve in higher sustained costs. Secondly, these costs are important not only for the industrial users, for which are certainly the most critical [11], but also for commercial and service activities. Loss of production, damages to equipment, halt of processes and data losses are some of the effects of voltage dips, which unavoidably evolve into significant financial losses [12].…”

Methodology for Determination of the Number of Equipment Malfunctions Due to Voltage Sags

“…Many publications (e.g., [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]) focused on laboratory tests describing sensitivity characteristics of different sensitive equipment depend on equipment type, loading of equipment and power system conditions. All of them consider that sensitive equipment have more or less rectangular characteristics.…”

Virtual Inertia Control Application to Enhance Frequency Stability of Interconnected Power Systems with High Renewable Energy Penetration

“…Thus, a reduction of sufficient inertia will be one of the major limitations of the grid-connected RESs worldwide. By increasing RESs penetration presently, the inertia of the interconnected power system might be insufficient, creating dynamic issues to stabilize system voltage and frequency, and causing negative impacts on power system stability/resiliency [3,4].…”