Macro-Organized Patterns in Ferrofluid Layer: Experimental Studies

Mesoscopic domains of cobalt nanocrystals

“…Similar patterns were observed previously [18][19][20][21][22]. When a magnetic fluid is confined with an immiscible nonmagnetic liquid between closely spaced horizontal glass plates (Hele-Schaw cell) and subjected to an external magnetic field perpendicular to the plate, labyrinths and hexagonal arrays of columns are formed [19,[23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. These patterns are produced at the interface between the magnetic and nonmagnetic phases, and they are explained in terms of competition between the magnetic and surface energy.…”

Magneto-optical study of the intermediate state in type-I superconductors: Effects of sample shape and applied current

“…Due to the complex competition in energy terms in this system, there is an incomplete understanding of these structures. Similar pattern formations have been found in a multitude of systems ranging from neutron stars 2,3 to dipolar fluids 4 to vegetation patterns 5 , along with many others [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] The mixed state appears in Type-II superconductors because it is energetically favorable. In zero field, the energy gained 13 by a superconducting transition from the normal state is…”

Field sweep-rate dependence of magnetic domain patterns: Numerical simulations for a simple Ising-like model

“…The external field decreases from h ini to 0, following Eq. (12). Once the external field becomes zero at t 0 = h ini /v, the field remains zero for t 0 ≤ t ≤ 2t 0 .…”

“…5,6,11,12,13 We consider a scalar field φ(r), where r = (x, y). The positive and negative values of φ(r) correspond to up and down spins, respectively.…”