Macro-nutrient concentrations in Antarctic pack ice: Overall patterns and overlooked processes

Fripiat, François; Meiners, Klaus M.; Vancoppenolle, Martin; Papadimitriou, Stathys; Thomas, David N.; Ackley, Stephen F.; Arrigo, Kevin R.; Carnat, Gauthier; Cozzi, Stefano; Delille, Bruno; Dieckmann, Gerhard; Dunbar, Robert B.; Fransson, Agneta; Kattner, Gerhard; Kennedy, Hilary; Lannuzel, Delphine; Munro, David R.; Nomura, Daïki; Rintala, Janne-Markus; Schoemann, Véronique; Stefels, Jacqueline; Steiner, Nadja; Tison, Jean‐Louis

doi:10.1525/elementa.217

Cited by 45 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 141 publications

(152 reference statements)

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“…Microalgal community structure and primary production in Arctic and Antarctic sea ice: A synthesis (Vancoppenolle et al, 2013a), especially through their uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and role as food source for specialized sympagic and pelagic zooplankton (Søreide et al, 2010;Bluhm et al, 2017;Thomas, 2017). Their contribution to a food chain that supports seabirds (Ramirez et al, 2017) and seals and whales (see Thomas, 2017, and references therein) is especially important due to ice-algal growth prior to any significant phytoplankton blooms.…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Their contribution to a food chain that supports seabirds (Ramirez et al, 2017) and seals and whales (see Thomas, 2017, and references therein) is especially important due to ice-algal growth prior to any significant phytoplankton blooms. Algal carbon that is not consumed in the ice, water column, or by the benthos, is remineralized or permanently buried at the seafloor.…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is shaped by processes of ice melt and ice formation that altogether govern the biological processes in sea ice. In addition, nutrient supply (e.g., Gradinger, 2009;Fripiat et al, 2017) and snow cover (e.g., Gosselin et al, 1986;Mundy et al, 2007) exert external control on microalgal growth. The algal communities that inhabit sea ice are subsequently subject to seasonal changes in composition, as will be discussed in this paper, as well as biomass accumulation, as has been reviewed in Meiners et al (2012) for Antarctic sea ice and in Leu et al (2015) for the Arctic.…”

Section: Sea Ice As a Habitat For Microalgaementioning

confidence: 99%

“…4, page 14 of 25 the year (Figure 3d). Whereas nitrate gets depleted before silicate in the sea-ice interior (Fripiat et al, 2017), in bottom layers silicate often becomes the first limiting nutrient (Riaux-Gobin et al, 2003). In the final phases of the sea-ice cover, flagellates may thus contribute significantly to carbon fluxes (Tamelander et al, 2009).…”

Section: Seasonal Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Later in the season, when melt ponds can become connected to the ice interior and even to underlying seawater, a fresh supply of nutrients may be provided (e.g., Mundy et al, 2011). Production in infiltration layers is seldom inhibited by nutrients, as they are regularly supplied by flooding seawater (Fripiat et al, 2017). Melting and freezing processes in sea ice, however, can affect nutrient supply (Fripiat et al, 2017).…”

Section: Primary Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microalgal community structure and primary production in Arctic and Antarctic sea ice: A synthesis

Leeuwe

Tedesco

Arrigo

et al. 2018

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

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van Leeuwe, MA, et al. 2018 Microalgal community structure and primary production in Arctic and Antarctic sea ice: A synthesis. Elem Sci Anth, 6: 4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.267 IntroductionSea ice is one of the largest biomes on earth. The area covered by Arctic (15.6 × 10 6 km 2 ) and Antarctic (18.8 × 10 6 km 2 ) sea ice is roughly 4 and 5% of the global ocean surface (361.9 × 10 6 km 2 ) at their respective maximum extents (Meier, 2017;Stammerjohn and Maksym, 2017). Sea ice is a very diverse and potentially very productive habitat, with primary production estimated to amount to 2-24% of total production in sea-ice covered marine areas (Arrigo, 2017). Sea ice is especially productive in spring and summer when, locally, carbon biomass can be ten times higher in the bottom ice than in the seawater, with values greater than 3 mg chlorophyll a) in bottom layers (e.g., Corneau et al., 2013). On some occasions, ice algae may contribute up to 50-60% of total primary production McMinn et al., 2010; Fernandez-Mendez et al., 2015). Sympagic (ice-associated) microalgae (see Horner et al., 1992, for terminology) are REVIEWMicroalgal community structure and primary production in Arctic and Antarctic sea ice: A synthesis Sea ice is one the largest biomes on earth, yet it is poorly described by biogeochemical and climate models. In this paper, published and unpublished data on sympagic (ice-associated) algal biodiversity and productivity have been compiled from more than 300 sea-ice cores and organized into a systematic framework. Significant patterns in microalgal community structure emerged from this framework. Autotrophic flagellates characterize surface communities, interior communities consist of mixed microalgal populations and pennate diatoms dominate bottom communities. There is overlap between landfast and pack-ice communities, which supports the hypothesis that sympagic microalgae originate from the pelagic environment. Distribution in the Arctic is sometimes quite different compared to the Antarctic. This difference may be related to the time of sampling or lack of dedicated studies. Seasonality has a significant impact on species distribution, with a potentially greater role for flagellates and centric diatoms in early spring. The role of sea-ice algae in seeding pelagic blooms remains uncertain. Photosynthesis in sea ice is mainly controlled by environmental factors on a small scale and therefore cannot be linked to specific ice types. Overall, sea-ice communities show a high capacity for photoacclimation but low maximum productivity compared to pelagic phytoplankton. Low carbon assimilation rates probably result from adaptation to extreme conditions of reduced light and temperature in winter. We hypothesize that in the near future, bottom communities will develop earlier in the season and develop more biomass over a shorter period of time as light penetration increases due to the thinning of sea ice. The Arctic is already witnessing changes. The shift forward in time of the algal bloom can resu...

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Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sea Ice As a Habitat For Microalgaementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Seasonal Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Primary Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microalgal community structure and primary production in Arctic and Antarctic sea ice: A synthesis

Leeuwe

Tedesco

Arrigo

et al. 2018

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

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129

128

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Sea ice thermohaline dynamics and biogeochemistry in the Arctic Ocean: Empirical and model results

Duarte

Meyer

Olsen

et al. 2017

J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci.

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Large changes in the sea ice regime of the Arctic Ocean have occurred over the last decades justifying the development of models to forecast sea ice physics and biogeochemistry. The main goal of this study is to evaluate the performance of the Los Alamos Sea Ice Model (CICE) to simulate physical and biogeochemical properties at time scales of a few weeks and to use the model to analyze ice algal bloom dynamics in different types of ice. Ocean and atmospheric forcing data and observations of the evolution of the sea ice properties collected from 18 April to 4 June 2015, during the Norwegian young sea ICE expedition, were used to test the CICE model. Our results show the following: (i) model performance is reasonable for sea ice thickness and bulk salinity; good for vertically resolved temperature, vertically averaged Chl a concentrations, and standing stocks; and poor for vertically resolved Chl a concentrations. (ii) Improving current knowledge about nutrient exchanges, ice algal recruitment, and motion is critical to improve sea ice biogeochemical modeling. (iii) Ice algae may bloom despite some degree of basal melting. (iv) Ice algal motility driven by gradients in limiting factors is a plausible mechanism to explain their vertical distribution. (v) Different ice algal bloom and net primary production (NPP) patterns were identified in the ice types studied, suggesting that ice algal maximal growth rates will increase, while sea ice vertically integrated NPP and biomass will decrease as a result of the predictable increase in the area covered by refrozen leads in the Arctic Ocean.

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Effects of snow and remineralization processes on nutrient distributions in multi-year Antarctic landfast sea ice

Sahashi

Nomura

Nose

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Macro-nutrient concentrations in Antarctic pack ice: Overall patterns and overlooked processes

Cited by 45 publications

References 141 publications

Microalgal community structure and primary production in Arctic and Antarctic sea ice: A synthesis

Microalgal community structure and primary production in Arctic and Antarctic sea ice: A synthesis

Sea ice thermohaline dynamics and biogeochemistry in the Arctic Ocean: Empirical and model results

Effects of snow and remineralization processes on nutrient distributions in multi-year Antarctic landfast sea ice

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